Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

DOIs are used to assign a unique identifier to text documents or research data, ensuring that they can be found and referenced.

A DOI leads to a so-called landing page for a publication, from which, in addition to descriptive bibliographic metadata such as title, author, publication date, and other identifiers, the file containing the research publication can also be accessed. The link to the respective landing page and the descriptive metadata are entered centrally by the provider of the publication. This could be, for example, the publisher, journal, or repository operator. Therefore, moving pages where the publication is accessible is not a problem as long as the links are updated centrally. The DOI, however, remains the same—that is, persistent—so that referencers and citers do not need to check whether the document is accessible.

Open Researcher and Contributors ID (ORCID)

An ORCID ID serves to uniquely and permanently identify authors. By assigning a unique number, it is possible to distinguish between individuals even if they have the same name. Name changes, variations, or pseudonyms, so-called "pen names," are centrally recorded in the metadata of the ORCID profile.

Including the ORCID ID on publications allows them to be uniquely attributed to a person – many journal, conference, and publication platform operators therefore request this ID when a manuscript is submitted. This makes it easier to search for a person's publications and increases their visibility. Indexing errors in databases can also be avoided because the ID allows for unambiguous identification.

Anyone can register for an ORCID ID free of charge at https://orcid.org/register

Research Organization Registry (ROR)

The ROR is a global, community-run register of open, persistent identifiers for research organizations. ROR makes it easy for anyone and any system to uniquely identify institutions and connect research organizations with researchers and research outputs.

You can search the entries via https://ror.org .