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Maronea constans (Nyl.) Hepp On the bark of Fagus sylvatica. Thallus verrucose; apothecial disc flat; margin distinct, from the colour of the thallus. Central Europe; Germany: Hesse. (Collected by Graf zu Solms, 1866! Identifiied by Eichler & Cezanne). |
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Megalospora tuberculosa (Fée) Sipman On Laurus spec.; in humid environments (Laurisilva). Thallus thick, cracked; covered with numerous tubercles (at first corticate, later breaking down to soralia); apothecial disc flat, brown; margin paler; up to 3 mm diam.; hypothecium pale; epihymenium orange-brown, granular; asci one-spored; spores 4 to 10-septate. Thallus K+ yellow. Portugal: Madeira. (950 m above sea level). |
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Melanelia hepatizon (Ach.) A. Thell On granitic rocks. Apothecia frequent, margin crenulate. Pycnidia conspicuous, sessile, black, club-like, on margins of lobes. Medulla K+ yellow, P+ yellow. Sweden: Dalarna. |
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Melanelixia fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) O. Blanco et al. Corticolous; on deciduous trees (usually on the bole), rarely saxicolous; ± common. Lobes up to 3 mm wide, shiny; covered densely with isidia cylindrical, simple or coralloid; apothecia rare, with isidiate margins. Medulla C+ red. Melanohalea elegantula has a pale lower side and the medulla is K-. Melanohalea exasperatula has club-like isidia and no spot reactions. The isidia of Melanohalea exasperata are warty, with cratered apices. M. subargentifera/ M. subaurifera have a C+ red reacting medulla like M. fuliginosa, but are soredious. Central Europe; Germany: Hesse. |
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Melanelixia fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) O. Blanco et al.
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Melanelixia glabra (Schaer.) O. Blanco et al. Corticolous; on deciduous trees. Thallus rosette-forming, up to 10 cm diameter; lobes up to 5 mm wide, uneven, often marginally ascending, young parts with fine whitish hairs; lower side black (pale brown at the margin); apothecia numerous, up to 15 mm diameter; margin crenate, with white hairs. Medulla C+ red. Austria: Alps. |
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Melanelixia glabra (Schaer.) O. Blanco et al.
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Melanelixia glabra (Schaer.) O. Blanco et al.
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Melanelixia glabratula (Lamy) Sandler & Arup Corticolous; on deciduous trees (usually on the bole), rarely saxicolous; ± common. Lobes up to 3 mm wide, shiny; isidia cylindrical, simple or coralloid; apothecia rare, with isidiate margins. Medulla C+ red.The very similar M. fuliginosa is darker, covered densely with isidia in the center (obscuring the lobes), always saxicolous.Melanohalea elegantula has a pale lower side and the medulla is K-. Melanohalea exasperatula has club-like isidia and no spot reactions. The isidia of Melanohalea exasperata are warty, with cratered apices. M. subargentifera/ M. subaurifera have a C+ red reacting medulla like M. glabratula, but are soredious. Central Europe; Germany: Hesse. |
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Melanelixia subargentifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. Corticolous; on deciduous trees; ± rare. Lobes adpressed, 2-4 mm wide, small whitish hairs at the tips of younger lobes, pruinose in parts; soralia bursting out of warts, laminal and marginal, confluenting in the center sometimes. Medulla C+ red.The only brown Melanelixia with hairs (Melanohalea glabra also with hairs but without soralia), Melanelixia subaurifera, glabratula and Melanohalea exasperatula with isidia. Central Europe: Austria. |
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Melanelixia subargentifera: Haare (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al.
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Melanelixia subargentifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. Central Europe; Germany: North Rhine Westphalia. |
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Melanelixia subargentifera: Hairs (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al.
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Melanelixia subaurifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. Corticolous; on deciduous trees. Thallus ± adpressed, often rosette-forming; upper surface with laminal soralia and/or isidia (isidia globose to cylindrical, derived from soredia; leaving a yellow area when abraded). Medulla and soredia K-, C+ carmine-red, KC+ red, Pd-. (Resembles to Melanelixia glabratula but the latter lacks soredia, isidia are branched to coralloid, upper side mor shiny. The similar M. subargentifera is sorediate-warty, not yellowish and covered with white hairs - especially on young lobes. M. glabra lacks soralia/isidia and has often apothecia). Central Europe; Germany: Hesse. |
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Melanelixia subaurifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al.
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Melanohalea elegantula (Zahlbr.) O. Blanco et al. Corticolous; on freestanding nutrient-enriched deciduous trees, usually on twigs; rarely saxicolous. Lobes up to 2 mm wide, adpressed; isidia covering the center and the margins, solid, small, cylindrical to coralloid; lower surface pale brown; apothecia not seen. Reagent tests: negative. Similar is M. exasperatula (no spot reactions too), but isidia clavate; M. exasperata has warty isidia with concave tips; Melanelixia fuliginosa is also very similar, but lower side black and medulla C+ red. Central Europe; Germany: Hesse. |
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Melanohalea elegantula (Zahlbr.) O. Blanco et al. Corticolous. Central Europe; Germany: Hesse.
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Melanohalea elegantula (Zahlbr.) O. Blanco et al. Nr. 9719 On Betula spec. Central Europe; Germany: Hesse. |
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Melanohalea elegantula (Zahlbr.) O. Blanco et al. Nr. 9719 On Betula spec. Central Europe; Germany: Hesse. |
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Melanohalea elegantula (Zahlbr.) O. Blanco et al. Nr. 9719 On Betula spec. Central Europe; Germany: Hesse. |
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Melanohalea exasperata (De Not.) O. Blanco et al. Corticolous; on deciduous trees.Lobes adpressed, often longitudinally wrinkled; isidia knob-like, with flat or concave apices; margins of apothecia also isidiate. Spot reactions negative. The cratered isidia are distinctive to other brown Parmelias. Austria: Alps. |
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Melanohalea exasperata (De Not.) O. Blanco et al.
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Melanohalea exasperatula (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. Corticolous; on freestanding deciduous trees, often on branches; rarely sacicolous; common. Lobes loosely attached, ± shiny, brown to olive-brown (olive-green when wet); lower surface pale rose-brownish; isidia simple, flat, club-like, hollow; apothecia rare. No spot reactions. Resembles to Melanelixia glabratula (but here medulla reacting C+ red, isidia not clavate but cylindrical, simple to coralloid); Melanohalea elegantula is similar too but the isidia are cylindrical (not club-like). Central Europe; Germany: Hesse. |
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Melanohalea exasperatula (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al.
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Melanohalea laciniatula (Flagey ex H. Olivier.) O. Blanco et al. On free-standing decidious trees (Acer pseudoplatanus). Thallus up to 5 cm; the center is covered with small ± arising folioles; the marginal lobes are flat and ± adpressed. No spot reactions.M. exasperatula is covered with small and flat isidia (no folioles). Central Europe; Germany: Hesse. |
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Melanohalea olivacea (L.) O. Blanco et al. Corticolous; on freestanding deciduous trees (mainly birch). Thallus matt to slightly shiny; lobes with pseudocyphellae towards the apices, without isidia and soralia; apothecia at the thallus center (the similar M. septentrionalis has apothecia up to the margin); apothecial rim crenulate. Medulla P+ red. Sweden: Värmland, Dalarna. |
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Melanohalea septentrionalis (Lynge.) O. Blanco et al. Corticolous; on deciduous trees (mainly Betula and Salix). Thallus shiny, without pseudocyphellae; apothecia covering the whole thallus (apothecia of the similar M. olivacea are restricted to the thalline center); apothecial margin sometimes disappearing, scarcely crenulate. Medulla P+ red. Sweden: Värmland. |
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Melaspilea granitophila (Th. Fr.) Coppins On siliceous rocks. Thallus inconspicuous, often visible only near the apothecia; apothecia 0.1-0.3 mm, rounded to elangate, rarely branches; disc visible; margin conspicuous.Spot reactions negative. Central Europe: Germany. (Coll/ident: D. Teuber). |
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Menegazzia terebrata (Hoffm.) A. Massal. Corticolous; on deciduous trees; in forests. Thallus up to 10 cm diam., often rosette-forming; lobes adpressed, 0.5-1.5 mm wide, shiny, sorediate, radiating, branched, intended; margins rounded, often brownish; upper surface with distinct rounded perforations (up to 1 mm); apothecia very rare. Cortex K+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow, Pd+ yellow-orange. Austria: Alps. |
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Menegazzia terebrata (Hoffm.) A. Massal.
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Micarea denigrata (Fr.) Hedl. On weathered fences. Thallus consisting of pale green convex areoles; apothecia common, black, convex; margin inconspicuous, soon disappearing; pycnidia numerous, black, often with white apices (extruded conidia). Hymenium C+ orange-red. Central Europe; Germany: Hesse. (Collected by E. Heerd). |
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Micarea lignaria Ach.) Hedl. On dead plant material in an old heavy metal dump. Thallus granulose; apothecia numerous, sessile ; disc convex, black, immarginate; asci 8-spored; ascospores colourless, fusiform, sometimes slightly curved, 3-4-septate, 18.2-28.0 x 4.9-7.0 µm). Photobiont green. Thallus: C-, K-, KC-, Pd+ red. Central Europe; Germany; NRW: Surroundings of Blankenrode. Coll. Hannes Öhm.
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Micarea lignaria Ach.) Hedl. On dead plant material in an old heavy metal dump. Central Europe; Germany; NRW: Surroundings of Blankenrode. Coll. Hannes Öhm.
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Micarea lignaria Ach.) Hedl. On dead plant material in an old heavy metal dump. Central Europe; Germany; NRW: Surroundings of Blankenrode. Coll. Hannes Öhm.
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Micarea lignaria Ach.) Hedl. On dead plant material in an old heavy metal dump. Microscopis details. Central Europe; Germany; NRW: Surroundings of Blankenrode. Coll. Hannes Öhm.
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Micarea prasina Fr. On bark, rottened wood, frequent. Thallus consisting of granules or fineliy isidiate; apothecia 0.2-0.4 mm diam., subglobose, without margin. No spot reactions. Cenral Europe: Germany. (Coll/ident: Eichler & Cezanne). |
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Monerolechia badia (Fr.) Kalb On basaltic rocks (parasitizing on Xanthoparmelia spec.). Thallus grey to brown; apothecia often crowded; disc flat to slightly convex; margin persistent. No spot reactions. Central Europe; Germany: Hesse. (Ident: Eichler & Cezanne). |
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Montanelia disjuncta (Erichsen) Divakar, A. Crespo, M. Wedin & Essl. On silicatic (acid) rocks. Lobes narrow, convex (flattened and shiny near the ends); soralia laminal and marginal, globose, constricted at the base, emerging from isidia. Medulla C-. Central Europe; Germany: Hesse. |
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Montanelia sorediata (Ach.) Divakar, A. Crespo, M. Wedin & Essl. On silicatic rocks (granite). Thallus adpressed, up to 5 cm diam.; lobes matt, flat, linear; soralia ± globose, on the tips of ascending lobes (see lower image), not confluenting. No spot reactions. (The similar M. disjuncta has lobes widening and shiny at the tips; soralia often confluenting in the center). Sweden: Värmland. |
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Montanelia sorediata (Ach.) Divakar, A. Crespo, M. Wedin & Essl.
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Mycobilimbia carneoalbida (Müll. Arg.) Ekman & Printzen On old rough barked trees and over mosses. Thallus whitish to pale greenish, granular-warty (not sorediate); apothecia semiglobose, later globose; margin disappearing soon. Spot reactions negative. (Coll/ident. by D. Teuber as M. sphaeroides). |
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Mycobilimbia tetramera (De Not.) Vitik. et al. On mosses at Pyrus communis. Thallus verruculous; apothecia up to 0.5 mm diameter, globose; margin disappearing soon. No spot reactions. Central Europe; Germany: Bavaria. Collected by M. Schessl.
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Mycobilimbia tetramera (De Not.) Vitik. et al. On mosses at Pyrus communis. Microscopic details: Hymenium J+ blue Central Europe; Germany: Bavaria. Collected by M. Schessl. |
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Mycoblastus sanguinarius (L.) Norman On birch trees in moist situations. Abraded medulla red (see on the lower right site). Central Europe: Germany, Hesse, Rhön Mountains. |
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Myriolecis sambuci (Pers.) Clem. formerly Lecanora sambuci. Corticol; on Juglans regia. Thallus white to pale grey; apothecia (up to 0.6 mm diam.); disc brown, plane to slightly convex; margin lecanorine, crenulate, irregular; paraphyses simple; epithecium pale brown; hymenium (55-70 µm) colourless; hypothecium colourless; margin and sybhypothecial area with crystals (visible in polarized light); asci ca.15-spored; ascospores colourless, simple, ellipsoid; photobiont chlorococcoid. Spot tests negative. Central Europe: Germany, Hesse, Wetterau. Coll. C. Parson.
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Myriolecis sambuci (Pers.) Clem. formerly Lecanora sambuci. Corticol; on Juglans regia. Central Europe: Germany, Hesse, Wetterau. Coll. C. Parson. |
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Myriolecis sambuci (Pers.) Clem. formerly Lecanora sambuci. Corticol; on Juglans regia. ThallusMicroscopic details. Central Europe: Germany, Hesse, Wetterau. Coll. C. Parson. |
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Naetrocymbe punctiformis (Pers.) R.C. Harris On bark of deciduous trees. Thallus immersed in the substrate or absent; perithecia hemispherical (0.15-0.4 mm diam.). Spot reactions negative. Central Europe: Germany. |
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Nephroma arcticum (L.) Torss. On mossy soils. Thallus up to 10 cm diam., rosette-forming; lobes up to 1,5 cm, margins ascending, undulate, entire, rounded; upper surface green, smooth; with dark external cepalodia (resembling warts); lower side whitish-brown, with a dark tomentum; apothecia not seen. Thallus K+ yellow, Pd+ yellow. (Resembles to some of the Peltigera species but lacks rhizines and veins. Furthermore Peltigera species have no spot reactions). Sweden: Dalarna. |
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Nephroma arcticum (L.) Torss.
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Nephroma areolatum P. James & F.J. White On Laurus spec.; in humid habitats (Laurisilva). Thallus up to 10 cm diam., grey-brown to brown, lobes up to 2 cm wide, losely adpressed, often ± elongated; upper surface faintly reticulate-sulcate (see third photo), soredia and isidia absent; margins rarely entire, with few to numerous folioles; pycnidia frequent, mainly marginal, sometimes laminal, on short projections; medulla white; lower surface dark brown-black, areolate-scabrid and obscurely ridged, naked or in part tomentose; photobiont Nostoc; apothecia common, rounded, disc red-brown-black, margins entire, dorsal surface conspicuously scabrid-areolate and ridged. No spot reactions. Portugal: Madeira (endemic). |
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Nephroma areolatum P. James & F.J. White Corticolous; on deciduous trees, in humid habitats (Laurisilva). Portugal: Madeira (endemic). |
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Nephroma areolatum P. James & F.J. White On Laurus spec. Portugal; Madeira: near Ribeiro Frio.
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Nephroma areolatum P. James & F.J. White On Laurus spec. Upper surface faintly reticulate-sulcate (not as obvious as in N. sulcatum). Portugal; Madeira: near Ribeiro Frio.
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Nephroma areolatum P. James & F.J. White On Laurus spec. Portugal; Madeira: near Ribeiro Frio. |
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Nephroma areolatum P. James & F.J. White On Laurus spec. Apothecial rim entire, with a + raised thalline cuff. Portugal; Madeira: near Ribeiro Frio. |
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Nephroma areolatum P. James & F.J. White On Laurus spec. Dorsal surface of an apothecium conspicuously scabrid-areolate and ridged. Portugal; Madeira: near Ribeiro Frio. |
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Nephroma areolatum P. James & F.J. White On Laurus spec. Margnal pycnidia. Portugal; Madeira: near Ribeiro Frio. |
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Nephroma areolatum P. James & F.J. White Distribution map. Portugal; Madeira. |
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Nephroma foliolatum P. James & F.J. White Corticolous; on a Laurus twig, in humid habitats (Laurisilva). Thallus up to to 6 cm diam, red-brown; lobes rather narrow, 0.3-1 cm broad, fragile, thin, mostly closely adpressed, ± imbricate at the centre; upper surface smooth, ± shining or faintly reticulate but without well-defined sulcae, lacking isidia and soredia, but often with marginal, scattered or rarely clustered, adpressed and crenulate folioles; margins irregular; lower surface ± smooth, occasionally striate-ridged, persistently naked, pale buff, becoming darker brown towards the median part of older lobes; photobiont Nostoc; apothecia usually frequent, disc ± rounded, red-brown to black, margins ± entire or irregularly crenulate, dorsal surface smooth, not areolate-cracked. No spot reactions. Portugal: Madeira. |
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Nephroma foliolatum P. James & F.J. White Corticolous; on a Laurus twig, in humid habitats (Laurisilva). Portugal: Madeira. |
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Nephroma foliolatum P. James & F.J. White Distribution map. Portugal; Madeira.
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Nephroma helveticum Ach. (together with Degelia plumbea, Pannaria rubiginosa, Ochrolechia pallescens). Corticolous; on deciduous trees, in humid habitats (Laurisilva) Fertile lobes and thalline exiple of apothecia pectinate; dorsal surface of apothecia scabrid to honeycombed. No spot reactions. The pectination is distinctive with other Nephromas. Portugal: Madeira. |
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Nephroma helveticum Ach. Portugal: Madeira. |
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Nephroma helveticum Ach. On Cupressus spec. Portugal: Madeira. |
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Nephroma helveticum Ach. On Cupressus spec. Portugal: Madeira. |
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Nephroma helveticum Ach. Distribution map. Portugal; Madeira.
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Nephroma laevigatum Ach. Corticolous, on Pinus canariensis; in humid habitats (Laurisilva). Thallus loosely adpressed, up to 15 cm diam, grey-brown to deep chestnut brown; lobes broad, up to 1 cm wide, robust, thick, rather tough and coriaceous; upper surface ± smooth, without sulcae or reticulations, soredia or isidia; margins entire; lower surface matt, smooth to longitudinally striate-ridged to undulate, rarely subpubescent; medulla pale to golden yellow, rarely patchily developed entirely white; photobiont Nostoc; apothecia common, rounded to reniform, up to 1 cm, disc red-brown, margins entire, with a ± raised thalline cuff, dorsal surface conspicuously scabrid-areolate and ridged. Medulla K+ purple (yellow parts). The commonest Nephroma in Macaronesia. Spain; Canary Islands: La Gomera. |
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Nephroma laevigatum Ach. On Laurus spec. Portugal: Madeira
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Nephroma laevigatum Ach. Distribution map. Portugal: Madeira |
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Nephroma parile (Ach.) Ach. On Acer pseudoplatanus. Thallus loosely adpressed, bluish-grey to dark red-brown; with broad, flattened lobes, up to l cm wide; upper surface smooth, even; margins entire, subcrenulate, with pustular soralia, also spreading to the lamina; soredia bluish grey to brown, coarsely granular; isidia absent; lower side entirely naked or in part subpubescent, rarely tomentose; photobiont Nostoc; apothecia rare. No spot reactions. CH; Alps: Region Glarus. |
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Nephroma parile (Ach.) Ach. On Fraxinus excelsior. F; Jura: Near Foncine-Le Haut.
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Nephroma parile (Ach.) Ach. Muscicolous-saxicolous. Portugal: Madeira.
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Nephroma parile (Ach.) Ach. Distribution map. Portugal; Madeira.
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Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach. On Acer pseudoplatanus. Wet specimen. Central Europe; Germany: Alps. |
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Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach. On Acer pseudoplatanus. Thallus up to 10 cm diam; lobes broad, up to 1.7 cm wide, robust, loosely adpressed; upper surface smooth, mostly undulate, uniformly pubescent; margins entire, rounded to crenulate; with flattened phyllidia (isidia); lower surface pale tan, markedly tomentose, with scattered, raised, white papillae; apothecia frequent, bearing lobes markedly recurved, up to 1.5 cm diam, disc ± rounded, brown, margins ± entire, dorsal surface tomentose. No spot reactions. Distinct from other Nephromas by the pubescent upper surface and the markedly whitish tomentose lower side, with irregular papillae. Central Europe; Germany; Bavaria: Alps. |
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Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach. On fagus sylvatica. Lobes with flattened isidia. Central Europe; Austria; Tirol: Alps. |
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Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach. Details: Apothecium, tomentum, flattened isidia. |
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Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach. On fagus sylvatica. Lower surface with whitish papillae. Central Europe; Austria; Tirol: Alps. |
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Nephroma sulcatum P. James & F.J. White Corticolous; on Erica arborea. Thallus robust, up to 8 cm diam, bluish grey to grey-brown; lobes broad, up to l.5 cm wide, adpressed, tough; upper surface reticulate (pseudocyphellae), sulcae prominent, forming a coarse reticulum (similar to Parm. sulcata); margins entire; isidia usually laminal, confined to sulcae, grey-brown, coarsely granular, terete to digitate, often stalked and branching to form dense coralloid clusters; soredia absent; lower surface naked at the margins, pubescent towards the centre; apothecia not seen. Spain; Canary Islands: La Gomera. |
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Nephroma sulcatum P. James & F.J. White Corticolous; on deciduous trees, in humid habitats. (Laurisilva). Spain; Canary Islands: La Gomera. |
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Nephroma sulcatum P. James & F.J. White On Pinus canariensis. Spain; Canary Islands: El Hierro.
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Nephroma sulcatum P. James & F.J. White On Erica arborea. Spain; Canary Islands: La Gomera. |
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Nephroma tangeriense (Maheu & A. Gillet) Zahlbr. Terricolous on mosses in humid habitats (Laurisilva). Thallus closely adpressed, forming compact rosettes, up to 9 cm diam, pale grey-brown to deep brown-black, lobes up to 0.6 cm wide, fragile, thin, papyraceous; upper surface smooth, even or partly undulate, without sulcae or reticulations, soredia or isidia, but developing scattered ± adpressed or ascending crenulate laminal folioles; margins entire, often ± ascending and crisped, frequently developing horizontal or ascending folioles; lower surface matt, smooth to ridged-undulate, pale at the margins becoming brown-black towards the centre, without a tomentum; medulla pale yellow to yellow-orange; photobiont Nostoc; apothecia rare. Medulla K+ violet to purple-red. Distinction from other Nephromas: Lobes frequently with horizontal or ascending folioles; medulla yellow; K+ purple (see second image); lower surface without a tomentum. Portugal: Madeira. |
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Nephroma tangeriense (Maheu & A. Gillet) Zahlbr. On Laurus spec. Portugal: Madeira.
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Nephroma tangeriense (Maheu & A. Gillet) Zahlbr. Portugal: Madeira.
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Nephroma tangeriense (Maheu & A. Gillet) Zahlbr. On volcanic rocks. Portugal: Madeira. |
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Nephroma tangeriense (Maheu & A. Gillet) Zahlbr. Distribution map. Portugal; Madeira. |
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Nephroma venosum Degel. Corticolous; on Laurus spec., in humid habitats (Laurisilva). Thallus up to 10 cm diam; upper surface grey to chestnut brown, ± distinctly wrinkled-reticulate, without lobules; lower side not pubescent or tomentose, ridged- undulate; medulla yellow (lower image; white in part only); apothecia not rare. Yellow parts of the medulla K+ red, Pd+ orange. The similar N. tangeriense has numerous folioles, N. parile is not wrinkled-reticulate. Portugal: Madeira. |
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Nephroma venosum Degel. Corticolous; on Laurus spec., in humid habitats (Laurisilva). Portugal: Madeira.
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Normandina pulchella (Borrer) Nyl. Corticolous; on mosses in humid habitats. Thallus glaucous-grey; lobes (squamules) small, 1-3 mm, rounded, ear-like; margins raised, becoming sorediate (soredia may spread over the lobes also); apothecia not seen. Spot reactions negative. Central Europe; Germany; Baden-Württemberg: Black Forest. |