Flechtenbilder (T-U)

	Teloschistes capensis (L.f.) Vain. ex Müll. Arg. On sand dunes. Thallus fruticose, erect, densely branched; with short fibrils (branchlets: 1-2 mm); apothecia not seen. Orange parts k+ red. Namibia; near Swakopmund: Wlotzkasbakken.
	Teloschistes capensis (L.f.) Vain. ex Müll. Arg. Namibia; near Swakopmund: Wlotzkasbakken.
	Teloschistes chrysocarpioides Vain. On shrubs in the desert. Thallus fruticose, 1-2 cm diam.; lobes 1-2 mm wide and 4-8 mm tall; branches marginal with pale cilia; apothecia common (1-2 mm diam.); margin finally disappearing. Yellow-orange parts K+ red. Namibia: Swakopmund. (Identfied by V. Wirth).
	Teloschistes chrysophthalmus (L.) Th. Fr. On twigs of freestanding trees. Lobes flattened; upper surface yellow to grey-orange, lower surface paler; lobes with spinules; apothecia abundant, short stalked, margins with numerous spinules (resembles a golden eye). Thallus K+ red. Portugal: Madeira. Spain: La Gomera.
	Teloschistes flavicans (Swartz) Norman On twigs of brushes and on Phoenix canariensis (rarely on rocks); in sunny, dry and windy habitats. Lobes flattened, richly branched at the ends, with marginal yellow soralia and spinules (see lower photo). Thallus K+ red. Spain; Canary Islands: La Gomera.
	Tephromela atra (Huds.) Haf. On siliceous rocks. Thallus grey-white, warted-areolate; apothecia sessile, 1-2.5 mm in diameter; disc flat to convex; margin thick, flexuose, persistent. Cortex K+ yellow. Spain; Canary Islands: La Gomera. Austria: Alps.
	Thallinocarpon nigritellum (Lettau) Jörgensen (Wet specimen). On calacareous rocks. Lobes with granular isidia. Iran; Kurdistan: Near Sanandaj. (Coll:A. Rouhollahi; ident: H. Sipman).
	Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.) Schaerer On soil in high altitudes. Thallus fruticose, consisting of hollow, cylindrical branches with pointed apices, usually simple or sparingly branched. Thallus K+ yellow, Pd+ yellow. Austria: Alps
	Thelocarpon laureri (Flot.) Nyl. On dead wood. Thallus inconspicuous, immersed; apothecia globose to flat on the top, perithecioid (0.1-0.4 mm diam.). Thallus without spot reactions. Central Europe; Germany: Hesse. Coll/ident: Eichler & Cezanne.
	Thelomma ocellatum (Körb.) Tibell On a wethered fence post. Thallus grey, warty to areolate; black isidia forming delimited clusters; apothecia not seen. Spot reactions negative. Central Europe; Germany: Hesse.
	Thelotrema lepadinum (Ach.) Ach. Corticolous; on deciduous trees (e.g. Quercus suber). Thallus creamy-white-grey. Photobiont Trentepohlia. The proper margin in the apothecia is visible inside the thalline margin. Portugal: Madeira.
	Thrombium epigaeum (Pers.) Wallraff On acid soil. Thallus crustose, bright greenish and slimy when wet, inconspicuos when dry; perithecia black. Central Europe; Germany: Hesse.
	Toninia athallina (Hepp) Timdal On calcareous rocks. Thallus endolithic; apothecia 0.3-0.5 mm diam.; flat at the beginning, later convex; margin disappearing with age. Central Europe; Germany: Hesse.
	Toninia massata (Tuck.) Herre On basaltic rock (covered with a thin layer of soil). Thallus squamulose; squamules up to 2 mm diam., orbicular, weakly convex, lacking pores or pseudocyphellae; upper surface olivaceous, without pruina; apothecia up to 1.5 mm, plane and marginate when young, later often convex and immarginate, epruinose. Epithecium K+ violet, N+ violet. Spain: Canary Islands: La Gomera

	Toninia physaroides (Opitz) Zahlbr. On calcareous soils. Thallus consisting of globose, often pruinose squamules (up to 2-3 mm diam.); pseudocyphellae inconspicuous, punctiform or forming short, irregular lines. No spot reactions. (The similar T. sedifolia has no pseudocyphellae). Central Europe; Germany: Hesse. (Coll/ident: Eichler/Cezanne).
	Toninia sedifolia (Scop.) Timdal On calcareous rocks. Squamules convex, bubbly, smooth, grey-brown but often covered with an white pruina, lacking pores and pseudocyphellae (the similar T. physaroides owns pseudocyphellae); apothecia up to 3 mm diam., disc flat, pruinose when young; margins angular, thick but often disappearing when older, densely pruinose to epruinose. Epithecium K+ violet, N+ violet. Europe: Rumania. Germany: Hesse.
	Toninia toepfferi (B. Stein) Navas; On rock fissures filled with soil. Tallus squamulose; squamules up to 4 mm diam., bullate; upper surface epruinose, with conspicuous white pseudocyphellae, lacking pores; apothecia up to 4 mm diam., plane and marginate when young, becoming convex and immarginate with age; disc slightly pruinose or epruinose. Epithecium K+ violet, N+ violet.(Together with T. physaroides the only pseudocyphellate species). Spain: Canary Islands: La Gomera.
	Toninia tristis subsp. pseudotabacina Timdal On basaltic rock (covered with a thin layer of soil). Thallus squamulose; squamules up to 3-4 mm diam., bullate; upper surface often plane or with a central depression, with punctiform impressions developing into pores, without pseudocyphellae and pruina; apothecia up to 4 mm, plane to weakly convex, epruinose. Epithecium K-, N+ violet. Spain: Canary Islands: La Gomera
	Toninia tristis subsp. pseudotabacina Timdal
	Tornabaea scutellifera (With.) Laundon On branches of dead bushes. Thallus shrubby, up to 8 cm diam.; branches rounded to flat, ± dichotomously branched, tomentose; apothecia rare. No spot reactions. (Resembles Anaptychia but lobes entirely corticate, not dorsiventral and without marginal cilia). Spain; Canary Islands: El Hierro, La Gomera.
	Tornabaea scutellifera (With.) Laundon On volcanic rocks. Spain; Canary Islands: El Hierro, La Gomera.
	Tornabaea scutellifera (With.) Laundon On a basaltic wall. Spain; Canary Islands: Lanzarote.
	Trapelia coarctata (Sm.) Choisy On siliceous rocks. Thallus vaiable, cracked-areolated, pale grey. Apothecia up to 0.8 mm, margin thin, grey. Thallus C+ and KC+ red. Central Europe; Germany: Hesse.
	Trapelia involuta (Taylor) Hertel On acid rocks (Granit). Thallus consisting of areoles; areoles incised, separate to crowded and overlapping. Apothecia common, up to 0.8 mm diameter; discs rose to reddish brown; margin paler. Central Europe; Germany; Baden-Württemberg: Black Forest.
	Trapelia placodioides Coppins & James On volcanic rocks (diabas). Thallus creamy whitish; almost squamulose (placodioid) at the margin, ± areolate in the centre; soralia greenish, at the margins of the areoles (later confluenting). Thallus C+ red. Central Europe; Germany: Hesse.
	Trapeliopsis flexuosa (Fr.) Coppins & James On rottened wood. Thallus consisting of uneven granular areoles; soredia finely granular, bluish-green; apothecia 0.2-0.7 mm diam., flat, margin persistent. Thallus C and KC + red. Central Europe; Germany: Hesse. (Coll/ident: Eichler/Cezanne).
	Trapeliopsis flexuosa (Fr.) Coppins & James (Coll/ident: Eichler/Cezanne).
	Trapeliopsis granulosa (Hoffm.) Lumbsch Corticolous (upper image) on old thatched roofs (lower image) and on soils. Thallus pale grey, consisting of small warty granules or areoles; soredia yellowish on the top of the granules; apothecia up to 1.5 mm diam., disc flat to slightly convex, pale pinkish to dark brown. Thallus C+ red. Central Europe; Germany.
	Trapeliopsis pseudogranulosa Coppins & P. James On different substrata (e.g. peat, plant debris and decaying wood). Thallus consisting of granular areoles, later forming a cracked granular crust; soredia farinose, in part orange-pigmented. Thallus/soredia C+ red; orange pigmented parts K+ purple (see left lower part of the photo). Central Europe; Germany: Hesse.
	Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla (Willd.) Hale Corticolous; on deciduous trees. Lobes wavy, notched or deeply incised. Upper surface brown-olive (chlorophyll-green when wet). Lower surface pale brown, wrinkled, with few rhizines. Soredia marginal. Spot reactions: negative. Central Europe; ± common.
	Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla (Willd.) Hale

Flechtenbilder U

	Umbilicaria crustulosa (Ach.) Frey On siliceous rocks. Apothecia omphalodisc (with a central point of sterile tissue). Central Europe (France): Vosges.
	Umbilicaria crustulosa (Ach.) Frey Lower surface.
	Umbilicaria cylindica (L.) Del. ex Duby On siliceous rocks. With branched cilia on the margins of lobes; Apothecia common, with gyrose discs. Austria: Alps.
	Umbilicaria decussata (Vill) Frey On siliceous rocks. Upper surface grey, areolate; with ridges (mainly at the center). Austria: Alps.
	Umbilicaria deusta (L.) Baumg. On siliceous rocks. Upper surface brown-black; with numerous cylindrical to flattened isidia (the only european species with isidia). Sweden: Dalarna. Austria: Alps.
	Umbilicaria grisea Hoffm. On siliceous rocks. Upper surface grey, rimose-areolate, pruinose; margins sorediate. Lower surface distinctly warted-areolate; rhizines not seen. Central Europe.
	Umbilicaria grisea Hoffm.
	Umbilicaria hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Hoffm. On siliceous rocks. Thallus grey; lobe margins sorediate, often curved downwards; lower side bright brown; with numerous rhizines. Thallus K-, C+ red. Sweden: Värmland.
	Umbilicaria hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Hoffm. Central Europe; Germany; Baden-Württemberg: Black Forest.
	Umbilicaria hyperborea(Ach.) Hoffm. On siliceous rocks. Thallus single-lobed; upper surface folded or wrinkled or warted; apothecia common, black, gyrose. Sweden: Dalarna. Austria: Alps.
	Umbilicaria nylanderiana (Zahlbr.) Magn. On siliceous rocks. Upper surface corsely wrinkled and folded. Austria: Alps.
	Umbilicaria nylanderiana (Zahlbr.) Magn.
	Umbilicaria polyphylla (L.) Baumg. On siliceous rocks (usually nutrient-enriched). Thallus appearing multi-lobed; upper surface smooth, dark brown to black, ± shining; lower surface without rhizines. Central Europe; Germany; Hesse: Rhön Mountains.
	Umbilicaria polyphylla (L.) Baumg. Sweden: Dalarna.
	Umbilicaria polyrhiza (L.) Frey On siliceous rocks (usually nutrient-enriched). Upper surface with erect marginal rhizines (sometimes also on surface cracks). Sweden: Värmland.
	Umbilicaria proboscidea (L.) Schrader On siliceous rocks. Thallus single-lobed; upper surface with elevated ridges towards the center, ridges often pruinose. Apothecia black, gyrose. Norge: Scandes.
	Umbilicaria proboscidea (L.) Schrader Lower surface smooth, usually without rhizines.
	Umbilicaria spadochroa (Erh. ex Hoffm.) DC. On siliceous rocks. Thallus single-lobed, apothecia black, frequent (usually near the margin), with a rim and a sterile tissue at the center; lower surface with numerous branched rhizines. Norge: Scandes.
	Umbilicaria torrefacta (Lightf.) Schrader On siliceous rocks (usually nutrient-enriched). Thallus single-lobed; upper surface warted-areolate; apothecia frequent, black, gyrose. Central Europe: Hesse (Taunus).
	Umbilicaria torrefacta (Lightf.) Schrader Lower side.
	Umbilicaria vellea (L.) Hoffm. On siliceous rocks. Thallus single-lobed; upper surface areolate. Austria: Alps.
	Unknown species On Salix spec., between mosses. Thallus adpressed to the substratum; lower side pale yellowish-brownish; densely tometose/rhizinate; apothecial disc plane when young, later convex; margin biatorine, later disappearing; photobiont blue-green. Portugal: Madeira. (Precipitation up to 3000 mm/year).
	Unknown On Salix spec., between mosses. Portugal: Madeira.
	Unknown On Salix spec., between mosses. Apothecial details. Portugal: Madeira.
	Unknown On Salix spec., between mosses. Lower surface. Portugal: Madeira.
	Unknown On Salix spec., between mosses. Microscopic details: Ascospores colourless, simple, 15.1-17.5 x 8.8-10.2 µm, 8 per ascus; asci 40 µm, epithecium pale brown (14 µm); hymenium colourloess (70 µm); hypothecium pale brownish. Portugal: Madeira.
	Unknown foliose species On soil, between mosses. Thallus consisting of ascending lobes (up to 3 mm wide); lobe margins with fine, white hairs; lower surfaqce with white rhizinae; photobiont: Nostoc. Portugal: Madeira. (1750 m above sea-level).
	Unknown foliose species On soil, between mosses. Portugal: Madeira.
	Unknown foliose species On soil, between mosses. Hairs. Portugal: Madeira.
	Unknown foliose species On soil, between mosses. Lower surface. Portugal: Madeira.
	Unknown foliose species On soil, between mosses. Microscopic details. Portugal: Madeira.
	Usnea articulata (L.) Hoffm. On twigs of different tree species (deciduous trees and conifers). Thallus shrubby, pendent; branches up to 3 mm diam., older parts forming sausage-like segments (difference to other Usneas), with comma-like pseudocyphellae; apothecia not seen. Medulla K-, C-, KC-, Pd+ red. (Young specimen without the characteristical articulations may be confused with U. flammea but the medulla of this species reacts K+ orange). Portugal: Madeira. Spain, Canary Islands: Tenerife, La Gomera. Nepal: Dhaulagiri-region.
	Usnea dasypoga (Ach.) Nyl. On deciduous trees. Thallus pendulous, up to 30 cm long (the specimen on the image is young); main branches are covered with many short, right-angeled branches (up to 1 cm); main branches covered with warts (see small image), developping to clustered isidia on the top of the warts; the holdfast is black (see image). Medulla K+ red, Pd+ orange. Central Europe; Sweden. Central Europe: Germany.
	Usnea florida (L.) Web. ex Wigg. Mainly on branches of trees. Thallus ± erect, up to 5 cm; branches black at the base, with spins (up to 1 cm) and small warts; without isidia and soredi; apothecia common, margins with spinules (distinctive to this species). Medulla K+ yellow, P+ orange-red. Austria: Alps. (1400 m above sea level) France: Jura. (1200 m)
	Usnea florida (L.) Web. ex Wigg.
	Usnea glabrescens (Nyl. ex Vain.) Vain. ex Räsänen On deciduous trees. Thallus up to 15 cm tall, erect near the basis, pendulous to the apices; main branches densely papillate; soredia ulcer-like; no isidia; fibrils ± absent. Medulla K+ red or K-; Pd+ yellow to orange. Central Europe: Germany. (Coll/ident: Eichler/Cezanne)
	Usnea hirta (L.) Weber ex Wigg. Corticolous, mainly on conifers; also on fences and plancs. One of the most common Usnea species in Central Europe. Thallus bushy, up to 5 cm; branches not blackened on the base, ± terete or irregular- angular in cross section, often ridged; no soredia but with long and thin isidia; lateral branches rare, constricted at the base. Medulla mostly without spot reactions (rarely K+ red and P+ orange). (U. filipendula is also common, but has a blackened base, the main branches are covered with numerous branchlets and the medulla is K+ red, P+ orange). Central Europe. (also in lower parts). Alps.
	Usnea rubicunda Stirton Corticolous; on deciduous trees (Laurisilva). Fibrils (up to 1 cm long) numerous to sparse; main branches covered with tubercle-like isidia (see lower image) which can erode and become sorediate. Medulla K+ yellow-red to red, C-, Pd + orange. (Pale-coloured specimen may resemble to U. ceratina but this species has no Pd+ reaction). Portugal: Madeira. Spain; Canary Islands: La Gomera.
	Usnea rubicunda Stirton
	Usnea subfloridana Stirton On twigs of Prunus spinosa. Thallus large (up to 15 cm tall), bushy, erect to ± pendulous, blackish near the base; soralia irregularly rounded, soredia granular (isidiate). Medulla K+ yellow to orange; Pd+ yellow to orange-red. Central Europe; Germany: Hesse. (Coll/ident: Eichler/Cezanne)
	Usnea subfloridana Stirton
	Usnea subfloridana Stirton On Twigs of Quercus spec. Central Europe; Germany; Baden-Württemberg: Schönbuch.
	Usnea subfloridana Stirton On Twigs of Quercus spec. Twig bases. Central Europe; Germany; Baden-Württemberg: Schönbuch.
	Usnea subfloridana Stirton On Twigs of Quercus spec. Fibrils and papillae. Central Europe; Germany; Baden-Württemberg: Schönbuch.
	Usnea subfloridana Stirton On Twigs of Quercus spec. Papillae and soralia. Central Europe; Germany; Baden-Württemberg: Schönbuch.
	Usnea substerilis Motyka On twigs of Prunus spinosa. Thallus bushy to subpendulous; branches covered almost entirely by irregular soralia. Central Europe; Germany: Hesse. (Coll/ident: Eichler/Cezanne)

Flechtenbilder (T-U)

Flechtenbilder T

Flechtenbilder U

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