Lichens of Madeira (Flechten Madeiras)

Recent edition: February 2020

(Proposals for corrections are desired).

Between 1985 and 2018 I have visited Madeira for seventeen times in order to photograph, to collect and to identify lichens (about 200 full day hiking tours - often with tent and backpack). This results in ca. 3500 collections (capsules).
Most of them are deposited in the Natural History Museum in Stuttgart (STU) - with the exception of those from 2018. The latter are presented here.
The numbers in parentheses are my (provisional) herbar numbers. If there is a date instead of a herbarium number (for example, 180530), then there exists a photo only.
The collection from 2018 has been deposited in the herbarium of the Botanical Garden in Funchal now..

Photos with an * were made in Madeira in 2018, using the stacking method.

Thanks to Franz Berger, who gave me valuable hints concerning rich lichen locations in Madeira.
Furthermore I am grateful to A. Aptroot, O. Breuss, R. Cezanne, M. Eichler, H. Mayrhofer and H. Sipman, who gave me tips for the identication of some samples.
Thanks also to B. Mattonet for preparing sections and slides.

More (earlier) lichen photos of Madeira can be seen in my Lichen Gallery.

Flechtenbilder (A-F)

	Arthonia ilicina * Taylor (205) On smooth bark of young Quercus rubra. Thallus delimited by a brown line; apothecia irregularely rounded, up to 1.7 mm diam.; epithecium dark brown; hymenium and hypothecium pale brown; ascospores colourless, 3-4-septate, upper cell enlarged (23.8-24.9x9.8-10.9 µm / 4-5-septate, 22.8-27.0 x 9.5-12.3 µm). Spot tests negative. Portugal; Central Madeira: near Queimadas. Image width: 36 mm.
	Arthonia ilicina * Taylor (205) Portugal; Central Madeira: near Queimadas. Image width: 79 mm.
	Arthonia ilicina * Taylor (205) Portugal; Central Madeira: near Queimadas. Image width: 20 mm.
	Arthonia ilicina Taylor (205) Portugal; Central Madeira: near Queimadas.
	Arthonia ilicina Taylor (205) Portugal; Central Madeira: near Queimadas.
	Arthonia ilicina Taylor (205) Portugal; Central Madeira: near Queimadas.
	Arthonia ilicina Taylor (205) Microscopic details. Portugal; Central Madeira: near Queimadas.
	Arthonia ilicina Taylor (205) Microscopic details. Portugal; Central Madeira: near Queimadas.
	Arthonia ilicina Taylor (156) On smooth bark of Castanea sativa. Ascospores colourless, 4-5-septate, upper cell enlarged (21.0-25.2 x 8.8-10.5 µm). Spot tests negative. Portugal; NW-Madeira; NE of Achadas da Cruz: Portas da Vila.
	Arthonia ilicina Taylor (156) Microscopic details. Portugal; NW-Madeira; NE of Achadas da Cruz: Portas da Vila.
	Athallia cerinelloides * (Erichs.) Arup, Fröden & Söchting (227) On smooth bark of Juglans regia. Thallus whitish-grey; apothecia up to 1 mm diam.; ascospores colourless, polarilocular (14.4-16.8 x 7.4-10.5 µm). Thallus K-; apothecia K+ red, C- (no anthraquinones). Portugal; NW-Madeira; ESE of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Athallia cerinelloides (Erichs.) Arup, Fröden & Söchting (227) On smooth bark of Juglans regia. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ESE of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Athallia cerinelloides (Erichs.) Arup, Fröden & Söchting (227) On smooth bark of Juglans regia. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ESE of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Athallia cerinelloides (Erichs.) Arup, Fröden & Söchting (227) On smooth bark of Juglans regia. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ESE of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Athallia cerinelloides (Erichs.) Arup, Fröden & Söchting (227) On smooth bark of Juglans regia. Microscopic details. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ESE of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Bactrospora patellarioides * (Nyl.) Almq. (66) On Fagus sylvatica. Thallus grey (with a brownish tinge); photobiont: Trentepohlia; apothecia up to 0.8 mm diam., constricted at base; disc black, slightly concave to flat; proper exciple black; epithecium brownish; hymenium colourless (-175 µm); hypothecium brown; asci 8-spored (147-172 x 14-18 µm); ascospores colourless, acicular, multi-septate, strait to slightly curved (139 x 4.2 µm); sometimes fragmenting after release. No spot reactions, UV-. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n Pico dos Porcos). Image width: 44 mm.
	Bactrospora patellarioides * (Nyl.) Almq. (66) On Fagus sylvatica. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n Pico dos Porcos).
	Bactrospora patellarioides (Nyl.) Almq. (66) On Fagus sylvatica. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n Pico dos Porcos).
	Bactrospora patellarioides (Nyl.) Almq. (66) On Fagus sylvatica. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n Pico dos Porcos).
	Bactrospora patellarioides * (Nyl.) Almq. (66) On Fagus sylvatica. Microscopic details. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n Pico dos Porcos).
	Bryoria fuscescens * (Gyeln.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. (137) On Quercus spec. Thallus +- pendent; branching isotomic-dichotomous; branches pale to dark (blackish) brown, up to 0. 34 mm diam.; soralia absent. K-, C-, KC- Pd+ orange-red. Portugal; NW-Madeira; Paul da Serra; s Pico Ruivo do Paul; w Estanquinhos; picnic area at Levada do Paul. Image width: 88 mm.
	Bryoria fuscescens * (Gyeln.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. (137) On Quercus spec. Portugal; NW-Madeira; Paul da Serra; s Pico Ruivo do Paul; w Estanquinhos: picnic area at Levada do Paul.
	Buellia disciformis * (Fr.) Mudd (59) On Quercus rubra. Thallus continuous; apothecia up to 1 mm diam.; disc flat to convex; margin lecideine; epithecium brown; hymenium colourless (74 µm), with numerous oil droplets; hypothecium brown; asci 8-spored; ascospores brown, 1-septate, 21.0-24.2 x 8.1-9.1 µm. Thallus K+ yellow-orange. Distiguished from B. erubescens by the presence of hymenial oil droplets and the orange reaction with K (B. erubescens: K+red). Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n of Pico dos Porcos. Image width: 34 mm.
	Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd (59) On Quercus rubra. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n of Pico dos Porcos.
	Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd (59) On Quercus rubra. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n of Pico dos Porcos.
	Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd (59) On Quercus rubra. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n of Pico dos Porcos.
	Buellia disciformis * (Fr.) Mudd (85) On Acer pseudoplatanus. Thallus continuous; apothecia up to 1 mm diam.; disc flat to convex; margin lecideine; epithecium brown; hymenium colourless, with numerous oil droplets; hypothecium brown; asci 8-spored; ascospores brown, 1-septate (to 3-septate!), 21.0-24.9 x 7.7-10.9 µm. Thallus K+ yellow-orange. Distiguished from B. erubescens by the presence of hymenial oil droplets and the orange reaction with K (B. erub. K+red). Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202. Image width: 31 mm.
	Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd (85) On Acer pseudoplatanus. Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd (85) On Acer pseudoplatanus. Microscopic details. Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd (85) On Acer pseudoplatanus. Microscopic details. Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	Buellia disciformis * (Fr.) Mudd (159) On Quercus spec. Thallus continuous; apothecia up to 1 mm diam.; disc flat to convex; margin lecideine; epithecium brown; hymenium colourless (95 µm), with numerous oil droplats; hypothecium brown; asci 8-spored (38 µm); ascospores brown, 1-septate 21.0-27.3 x 9.8-10.5 µm. Thallus K+ yellow --> orange. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER 101. Image width: 73 mm.
	Buellia disciformis * (Fr.) Mudd (159) On Quercus spec. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER 101.
	Buellia disciformis * (Fr.) Mudd (159) On Quercus spec. Microscopic details. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER 101.
	Buellia erubescens * Arnold (24) On Juglans regia. Thallus continuous rimose-cracked; apothecia up to 1.2 mm diam.; disc flat to convex; margin lecideine; epithecium brown; hymenium colourless (-88 µm), without oil droplets; hypothecium dark brown; asci 8-spored; ascospores brown, 1-septate 14.0-17.2 x 7.4-10.5 µm. Thallus K+ red --> Pd+ yellow-orange. Distinguished from B. disciformis by the K+ red thallus and missing of oil droplets in the hymenium. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge). Image width: 42 mm.
	Buellia erubescens Arnold (224) On Juglans regia. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Buellia erubescens Arnold (224) On Juglans regia. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Buellia erubescens Arnold (224) On Juglans regia. Application with K and Pd. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Buellia erubescens Arnold (224) On Juglans regia. Microscopic details. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Caloplaca aegatica Giralt, Nimis Poelt (80) On bark of Laurus novocanariensis. Thallus grey; apothecia up to 0,7 mm; disc orange covered with granules, flat, brownish and convex when old; margin lecanorine, paler than disc; epithecium brown, granular (18 µm); hymenium colourless (55 µm); 8 ascospores per ascus; ascospores colourless, polarilocular, 14.0-16.8 x 7.7-12.3 µm, septum broad; hypothecium colourless. Apothecia K+ red, C+ purple (anthraquinones). Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Seixal; s of Chão da Ribeira: Chão da Cancela.
	Caloplaca aegatica Giralt, Nimis Poelt (80) On bark of Laurus novocanariensis. Apothecia C+ purple (anthraquinones). Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Seixal; s of Chão da Ribeira: Chão da Cancela.
	Caloplaca aegatica Giralt, Nimis Poelt (80) On bark of Laurus novocanariensis. Microscopic details. Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Seixal; s of Chão da Ribeira: Chão da Cancela.
	Caloplaca ferruginea * (Huds.) Th. Fr. (64) On Fagus sylvatica. Thallus distinct, grey to whitish, plane to warty; apothecia up to 0.9 mm, disk rusty red to rusty brown, margin persistent, flexuose; ascospores colourless, polarilocular (17-17.5x 9-10.5 µm). Thallus and apothecia K+ red, apothecia C+ purple (anthraquinones). Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; between Quatro Estradas and Poiso (nw Casa Velha). Image width: 17 mm.
	Caloplaca ferruginea (Huds.) Th. Fr. (64) On Fagus sylvatica. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; between Quatro Estradas and Poiso (nw Casa Velha).
	Caloplaca ferruginea (Huds.) Th. Fr. (64) On Fagus sylvatica. Apothecia C+ red (antrachinones) Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; between Quatro Estradas and Poiso (nw Casa Velha).
	Caloplaca ferruginea (Huds.) Th. Fr. (64) On Fagus sylvatica. Microscopic details. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; between Quatro Estradas and Poiso (nw Casa Velha).
	Caloplaca ferruginea (Huds.) Th. Fr. (87) On Acer pseudoplatanus. Thallus distinct, whitish, plane to warty; apothecia up to 0.9 mm, disk rusty red to rusty brown, margin persistent, flexuose; ascospores colourless, polarilocular (14.0-17.2x 9.1-10.5 µm). Thallus and apothecia K+ red, apothecia C+ purple (anthraquinones). Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	Caloplaca ferruginea (Huds.) Th. Fr. (87) On Acer pseudoplatanus. Margin of the left apothecium C+ red (antrachinones) Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	Caloplaca ferruginea (Huds.) Th. Fr. (87) On Acer pseudoplatanus. Microscopic details. Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	Caloplaca xerica * Poelt & Vezda (72) On a basaltic wall with mortar gaps. Thallus whitish, areolate, with isidia-like verrucae (-0.05 mm); apothecia up to 0.8 mm diam., proper exiple orange, thalline exiple yellowish; ascospores colourless, polarilocular (13.3-17.4x7.4-8.0 µm). Thallus K-; apothecia K+ red, C+ purple (anthraquinones). Portugal; NE-Madeira; w Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz). Image width: 52 mm. Identified by Jan Vondrak as "belonging to the C. xerica group".
	Caloplaca xerica Poelt & Vezda (72) On a basaltic wall with mortar gaps. Thallus Portugal; NE-Madeira; w Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz).
	Caloplaca xerica Poelt & Vezda (72) On a basaltic wall with mortar gaps. Thallus details. apothecia C+ purple (anthraquinones). Portugal; NE-Madeira; w Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz).
	Caloplaca xerica Poelt & Vezda (72) On a basaltic wall with mortar gaps. Thallus details. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz).
	Caloplaca xerica Poelt & Vezda (72) On a basaltic wall with mortar gaps. Apothecia C+ purple (anthraquinones). Portugal; NE-Madeira; w Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz).
	Caloplaca xerica Poelt & Vezda (72) On a basaltic wall with mortar gaps. Thallus Portugal; NE-Madeira; w Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz).
	Candelariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Müll. Arg. (102) On nutrient-enriched, siliceous volcanic rocks. Thallus consisting of dispersed to crowded granules (sometimes +- flat); apothecia up to 1mm diam.; margin smooth to crenulate, persistent. K-, C-, Pd-. Portugal; E-Madeira: Ponta de São Lourenço.
	Cetrelia cetrarioides * (Del. Ex Duby) Culb. & Culb. (139) Together with Parmelia saxatilis/serrana. On Quercus spec. Thallus with broad lobes covered with whitish punctiform pdeudocyphellae; soralia marginal, without marginal cilia; lower surface black, with a brown rhizenae-free zone towards the rim. Cortex K+ yellow; medulla K-, C- KC-. Portugal; NW-Madeira; Paul da Serra; s Pico Ruivo do Paul; w Estanquinhos: picnic area at Levada do Paul. Image width: 56 mm.
	Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) Laundon (146) On Castanea sativa. Thallus leprose, consisting of yellow-greenish, granular soredia. All spot tests negative. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101. Image width: 11 mm.
	Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) Laundon (146) On Castanea sativa. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101.
	Cladonia (110) On Laurus novocanariensis (Base). Primary thallus consisting of squamules, dominant, forming dense cushions; lower surface of the squamules white, ecorticate; margins incised-crenulate; podetia very rare, ecorticate. Squamules K+ red (lower side) C-, KC-, Pd+ orange-red. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chão dos Louros.
	Cladonia (110) On Laurus novocanariensis (Base). Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chão dos Louros.
	Cladonia (110) On Laurus novocanariensis (Base). Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chão dos Louros.
	Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. (106) On a n-exposed wall (volcanic rocks). Podetia up to 3 cm x 1.2 mm, corticate, not distinctly areolate (green areoles on a whitish background --> C. rangiformis), with squamules, branching dichotomously-anisotomously; apices brownish; pycnidia abundant, terminal, dark brown. Pod. K+- brownish, C-, K-, KC+- brownish, Pd+ orange-red. Portugal; M-Madeira: Boca da Encumeada.
	Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. (106) On a n-exposed wall (volcanic rocks). Portugal; M-Madeira: Boca da Encumeada.
	Cladonia furcata * (Huds.) Schrad (104) On a n-exposed wall (volcanic rocks). Podetia without squamules, corticate, up to 1 mm diam., +- in one direction orientated, dichotomously and isotomously branched; podetial apices brown, conidia brown-black. Podetia K-, C-, KC+- yellowish, Pd+ orange. Portugal; M-Madeira: Boca da Encumeada. Image width: 90 mm.
	Cladonia furcata * (Huds.) Schrad (172) Terricolous, on a mountain slope in the Laurisilva. Podetia K-, Pd+ orange-red. Portugal; ME-Madeira; Ribeiro Frio --> Poiso: Feiteiras de Cima (ER 103). Image width: 138 mm.
	Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad (172) Terricolous, on a mountain slope in the Laurisilva. Podetia K-, Pd+ orange-red. Portugal; ME-Madeira; Ribeiro Frio --> Poiso: Feiteiras de Cima (ER 103).
	Cladonia humilis (With.) Laundon (93) On Cryptomeria japonica (base of the trunk). Podetia (< 1 cm), corticate and squamulose near the base but upper parts sorediate (especially interior of scyphi); with scyphi (broad), marginal proliferations rare; basal squamules relatively large, slightly incised only. K+ weakly yellow (brownish), KC-, Pd+ orange-red. Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	Cladonia humilis (With.) Laundon (93) On Cryptomeria japonica (base of the trunk). Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	Cladonia humilis (With.) Laundon (93) On Cryptomeria japonica (base of the trunk). Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	Cladonia humilis (With.) Laundon (93) On Cryptomeria japonica (base of the trunk). Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	Cladonia humilis * (With.) Laundon (107) On a n-exposed wall (volcanic rocks). Podetia up to 5 mm large, squamulose and corticate near the base; upper parts sorediate; with regular scyphi (3-4 mm wide); basal squamules relatively large, upper surface bright olive green, lower side whitish. K+ yellow, KC-, Pd+ orange red. Portugal; M-Madeira: Boca da Encumeada. Image width: 70 mm.
	Cladonia humilis (With.) Laundon (107) On a n-exposed wall (volcanic rocks). Portugal; M-Madeir: Boca da Encumeada.
	Cladonia humilis* (With.) Laundon (154) On the base of Cryptomeria japoica. Portugal; MM-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo: Pico das Pedras (ER 218).
	Cladonia humilis (With.) Laundon On Cryptomeria japonica. Podetia very small (up to 4 mm tall, scyphi up to 2.5 mm wide), ecorticate; margin of the scyphi and inside with granular soredia (200 µm diam.); basal squamules relatively large (up to 1.9 mm wide), upper surface greenish, corticate, lower side white, ecorticate. Squamules (lower surface): K- (but with red drops), C-, KC- Pd+ orange-red. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: Pico das Pedras (ER 218).
	Cladonia humilis (With.) Laundon (154) On Cryptomeria japonica. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: Pico das Pedras (ER 218).
	Cladonia humilis (With.) Laundon (154) On Cryptomeria japonica. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: Pico das Pedras (ER 218).
	Cladonia humilis (With.) Laundon (154) On Cryptomeria japonica. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: Pico das Pedras (ER 218).
	Cladonia mediterranea * Duvign. & des Abb. (195) Saxicol; on a wall of volcanic rocks. Podetia forming cushions, richly banched, predominantly dichotomous, smooth. Thallus K-, KC yellow (permanent), Pd-. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Camara de Lobos; n of Boca da Corrida: Passo de Ares.
	Cladonia mediterranea Duvign. & des Abb. (195) Saxicol; on a wall of volcanic rocks. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Camara de Lobos; n of Boca da Corrida: Passo de Ares. Image width: 65 mm.
	Cladonia mediterranea Duvign. & des Abb. (195) Saxicol; on a wall of volcanic rocks. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Camara de Lobos; n of Boca da Corrida: Passo de Ares. Image width: 17 mm.
	Cladonia polydactyla * (Flörke) Sprengel (184) On twigs of Erica arborea. Squamules (on the substratum and on the base of podetia) deeply incised; podetia up to 1.5 cm tall, pointed or with irregular scyphi, simple or weakly branched near the apices, coarsely to granular sorediate above; margins of scyphi dentate or proliferating; apothecia red - on apices or margins of the scyphi. Thallus K+ yellow-orange, Pd+ orange. Portugal; NW-Madeira; Fanal --> Ribeira de Janela (ER 209). Image width: 36 mm.
	Cladonia polydactyla * (Flörke) Sprengel (184) On twigs of Erica arborea. Portugal; NW-Madeira; Fanal --> Ribeira de Janela (ER 209). Image width: 44 mm.
	Cladonia polydactyla (Flörke) Sprengel (184) On twigs of Erica arborea. Portugal; NW-Madeira; Fanal --> Ribeira de Janela (ER 209).
	Cladonia polydactyla (Flörke) Sprengel (184) On twigs of Erica arborea. Portugal; NW-Madeira; Fanal --> Ribeira de Janela (ER 209).
	Cladonia polydactyla (Flörke) Sprengel (184) On twigs of Erica arborea. Application with Pd. Portugal; NW-Madeira; Fanal --> Ribeira de Janela (ER 209).
	Cladonia pyxidata (L.) subsp. pyxidata (129) On Cryptomeria japonica. Podetia up to 1.5 cm tall, corticate, squamulose near the base, upper part granular; scyphi inside with flattened corticate granules; apothecia brown; pycnidia blackish. Podetia/squamules K-, C-, KC-, Pd+ orange-red. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: Pico das Pedras (ER 218).
	Cladonia pyxidata subsp. pyxidata (129) On Cryptomeria japonica. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: Pico das Pedras (ER 218).
	Cladonia ramulosa (With.) Laundon (92) On Cryptomeria japonica (base of the trunk). Primary thallus with small squamules, deeply intended; podetia 3-4 cm x 1.5 mm, simple or sparingly branched near the tips, apices pointed, squamulose at the base, granular to verrucose in the upper part of the podetia; apothecia not seen. Podetia K-, KC-, Pd+ orange-red. Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	Cladonia ramulosa (With.) Laundon (92) On Cryptomeria japonica (base of the trunk). Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	Cladonia ramulosa (With.) Laundon (92) On Cryptomeria japonica (base of the trunk). Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	Cladonia ramulosa (With.) Laundon (94) On Cryptomeria japonica (base of the trunk). Very variable; in this case with indistinct scypi and brown, convex apothecia, forming clusters at the tips of podetia. Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	Cladonia ramulosa (With.) Laundon (94) On Cryptomeria japonica (base of the trunk). Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	Cladonia ramulosa (With.) Laundon (94) On Cryptomeria japonica (base of the trunk). Lower surface of basal squamules. Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	Cladonia ramulosa * (With.) Laundon (171) Terricolous, on a mountain slope in the Laurisilva. Podetia up to 1.5 mm; partly ecorticate; scyphi inconspicuous, strongly foliose; folioles deeply incised, lower side white, ecorticate; apothecia light brown, arising from proliferations of the margins of the scyphi or terminal on the podetia. K-, Pd+ orange-red. Portugal; ME-Madeira; Ribeiro Frio --> Poiso: Feiteiras de Cima (ER 103). Image width: 49 mm.
	Cladonia ramulosa * (With.) Laundon (171) Terricolous, on a mountain slope in the Laurisilva. Portugal; ME-Madeira; Ribeiro Frio --> Poiso: Feiteiras de Cima (ER 103).
	Cladonia ramulosa * (With.) Laundon (171) Terricolous, on a mountain slope in the Laurisilva. Portugal; ME-Madeira; Ribeiro Frio --> Poiso: Feiteiras de Cima (ER 103).
	Cladonia ramulosa * (With.) Laundon (171) Terricolous, on a mountain slope in the Laurisilva. Portugal; ME-Madeira; Ribeiro Frio --> Poiso: Feiteiras de Cima (ER 103).
	Cladonia ramulosa * (With.) Laundon (183) On Laurus novocanariensis. Primary thallus with small squamules, deeply intended; podetia -1.7 cm tall, simple or sparingly branched near the tips, squamulose at the base, granular to verrucose in the upper part of the podetia, partially decorticate; apices pointed or with inconspicuous scyphi; apothecia often in clusters, brown but translucent when wet. Podetia K-, KC-, Pd+ orange-red. Portugal; NW-Madeira; Fanal --> Ribeira de Janela (ER 209). Image width: 24 mm.
	Cladonia ramulosa (With.) Laundon (183) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; NW-Madeira; Fanal --> Ribeira de Janela (ER 209).
	Cladonia ramulosa (With.) Laundon (183) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; NW-Madeira; Fanal --> Ribeira de Janela (ER 209).
	Cladonia ramulosa (With.) Laundon (183) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; NW-Madeira; Fanal --> Ribeira de Janela (ER 209).
	Cladonia rangiformis * Hoffm. (104) On a n-exposed wall (volcanic rocks). Podetia corticate, loosely attached and dying from the base, +- isotomic and dichotomous, up to 3-4 cm tall; with (few) squamules; axils closed; algal layer areolate. Pd+ orange. Portugal; M-Madeira: Boca da Encumeada. Image width: 59 mm.
	Cladonia rangiformis Hoffm. (104) On a n-exposed wall (volcanic rocks). Portugal; M-Madeira: Boca da Encumeada.
	Cladonia rangiformis Hoffm. (104) On a n-exposed wall (volcanic rocks). Portugal; M-Madeira: Boca da Encumeada.
	Cladonia rangiformis * Hoffm. (68) On mossy volcanic rocks and soil. Podetia corticate, loosely attached and dying from the base, +- isotomic and dichotomous, up to 3-4 cm tall; with (few) squamules; axils closed; algal layer areolate; apothecia brown, strongly convex. Podetia K-, KC-, Pd- (but PD+ orange-red at the tips of podetia). Portugal; NE-Madeira: w Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz). Image width: 84 mm.
	Cladonia rangiformis * Hoffm. (68) On mossy volcanic rocks and soil. Portugal; NE-Madeira: w Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz). Image width: 55 mm.
	Cladonia rangiformis Hoffm. (68) On mossy volcanic rocks and soil. Portugal; NE-Madeira: w Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz).
	Cladonia rangiformis Hoffm. (68) On mossy volcanic rocks and soil. Portugal; NE-Madeira: w Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz).
	Cladonia rangiformis Hoffm. (68) On mossy volcanic rocks and soil. Appliction with Pd. Portugal; NE-Madeira: w Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz).
	Coccocarpia erythroxyli * (Spreng) Swinscow & Krog (180528) On a deciduous tree. Thallus up to 10 cm diam., +- orbicular; with isidia-like rounded lobules in the center; lobes adnate, imbricate, incised; apothecia laminal, up to 5 mm diam., disc reddish brown, flat when young, later convex, margin biatorine (Pectenia plumbea is similar but with a pale margin). Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of the Poiso Pass; Terreiros (ER 202). Image width: 93 mm.
	Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng) Swinscow & Krog (180528) On a deciduous tree. Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of the Poiso Pass; Terreiros (ER 202).
	Collema flaccidum (Ach.) Ach. (234) On Juglans regia. Thallus membrane-like; lobes rounded, - 1.5 mm wide, ascending; margin often revolute; upper surface with marginal and laminal isidia (globose when young, squamulose when mature). Lobes: upper surface. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Collema flaccidum (Ach.) Ach. (234) On Juglans regia. Lobes: lower surface. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Collema flaccidum (Ach.) Ach. (234) On Juglans regia. Globose isidia (young). Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Collema flaccidum (Ach.) Ach. (234) On Juglans regia. Squamuose isidia (mature). Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Collema furfuraceum * (Arnold) Du Rietz (197) On Castanea sativa. Thallus foliose, 1-8 cm diam., adnate, membrane-like; lobes apically rotund, with radiate ridges; isidia numerous, globular when young, becoming branched when old. Spot tests negative. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Câmara de Lobos; n of Boca da Corrida: Boca do Cerro. Image width: 32 mm.
	Collema furfuraceum (Arnold) Du Rietz (197) On Castanea sativa. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Câmara de Lobos; n of Boca da Corrida: Boca do Cerro.
	Collema furfuraceum (Arnold) Du Rietz (197) On Castanea sativa. Thallus details: isidia. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Câmara de Lobos; n of Boca da Corrida: Boca do Cerro.
	Crustose lichen * (58) On Quercus rubra. Thallus whitish, partly ecorticate; soralia vivid yellowish-green, well delimited, convex (up to 0,5 mm diam.) later confluenting; thallus margin without soralia. Spot tests: K+ yellow-orange, C-, KC+ yellow-orange, Pd-. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n Pico dos Porcos). Image width: 34 mm.
	Crustose lichen * (58) On Quercus rubra. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n Pico dos Porcos).
	Crustose lichen (58) On Quercus rubra. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n Pico dos Porcos).
	Crustose lichen * (69) On volcanic rocks. Thallus whitish; without soralia. Spot tests: K+ yellow-orange, C+ yellow-orange, Pd-. Portugal; NE-Madeira: w Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz). Image width: 85 mm.
	Crustose lichen (69) On volcanic rocks. Portugal; NE-Madeira: w Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz).
	Crustose lichen (69) On volcanic rocks. Portugal; NE-Madeira: w Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz).
	Crustose lichen (69) On volcanic rocks. Applicaton with K and C. Portugal; NE-Madeira: w Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz).
	Crustose lichen * (163) On Picea spec. Thallus warty; apothecia up to 0.7 mm diam.; margin brighter than black disc, inconspicuous, soon disappearing; epithecium brown-green; hymenium colourless (-85µm); hypothecium tan to blue-grey; ascospores colourless, simple (15-18 x 4-5 µm). Thallus K+- yellowish, C-, Pd+ orange, with red spots. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: park area at forester`s house das Pedras. Image width: 42 mm.
	Crustose lichen (163) On Picea spec. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: park area at forester`s house das Pedras.
	Crustose lichen (163) On Picea spec. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: park area at forester`s house das Pedras.
	Crustose lichen (163) On Picea spec. Application with K and Pd. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: park area at forester`s house das Pedras.
	Crustose lichen (163) On Picea spec. Microscopic details. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: park area at forester`s house das Pedras.

Flechtenbilder (G-L)

	Graphis elegans * (Borrer ex Sm.) Ach. (62) On Quercus rubra. Thallus smooth to cracked; apothecia simple, lirellate, each side with longitudinal furrows; ascospores colourless, 11-septate (13-15 x 49-68 µm), cell lumina ellipsoid. Thallus K+- red; Pd+ orange. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n Pico dos Porcos. Image width: 49 mm.
	Graphis elegans * (Borrer ex Sm.) Ach. (62) On Quercus rubra. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n Pico dos Porcos. Image width: 43 mm.
	Graphis elegans (Borrer ex Sm.) Ach. (62) On Quercus rubra. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n Pico dos Porcos.
	Graphis elegans (Borrer ex Sm.) Ach. (62) On Quercus rubra. Microscopic details. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n Pico dos Porcos.
	Graphis spec. * (238) On smooth bark of Castanea sativa. Thallus continuous; apothecia lirelliform (- 3 mm), simple to stellate, +- immersed in the thallus; slit narrow, margin not furrowed; epithecium brown; hymenium colourless (-105 µm): Asci 8-spored; ascospores colourless, muriform, 5-9-septate (31.5-39.2 x 10.9-14.0 µm); photobiont trentepohlioid. K-, Pd-. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila; at the crossways ER 105/ER101. Image width: 19 mm.
	Graphis spec. (238) On smooth bark of Castanea sativa. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila; at the crossways ER 105/ER101.
	Graphis spec. (238) On smooth bark of Castanea sativa. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila; at the crossways ER 105/ER101.
	Graphis spec. (238) On smooth bark of Castanea sativa. Microscopic details. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila; at the crossways ER 105/ER101.
	Heterodermia leucomelos * (L.) Poelt (74) On mossy, volcanic rocks . Thallus 5-10 cm, appearing as loosely attached mats; lobes elongate, up to 3 mm wide, ± dichotomously branched, with conspicuous black marginal cilia (resembles to Anaptychia ciliaris); upper surface green; lower side white, ± channelled, powdery to sorediate (no cortex existing). Medulla K+ yellow-red, C-, KC+ yellow-red, Pd+ yellow. Portugal; NE-Madeira: Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz) Image width: 41 mm.
	Heterodermia leucomelos * (L.) Poelt On bark of Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; NW-Madeira; s Seixal; s. Chao da Ribeira; Chao da Cancela. Image width: 61 mm.
	Heterodermia obscurata * (Nyl.) Trevis. (132) On Laurus novocanariensis. Thallus +- orbicular, attached to the substrate; lobes ca. 1-3 mm wide, +- pruinose at the tips; soralia labiate, on ascending terminal lobes, soredia granular. Lower surface ecorticate, with rust-coloured or yellowish-orange pigments, K+ purple, with black marginal rhizinae marginal, black, up to 2 mm. Medulla K+ yellow (later brown), Pd+ yellow-orange; pigment on lower surface K+ purple. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne Pico Ruivo de Santana: Pico das Pedras (ER 218) Image width: 68 mm.
	Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Trevis. (132) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne Pico Ruivo de Santana: Pico das Pedras (ER 218).
	Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Trevis. (132) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne Pico Ruivo de Santana: Pico das Pedras (ER 218).
	Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Trevis. (211) On Quercus rubra. Thallus +- orbicular, attached to the substrate; lobes ca. 0.7-1.5 mm wide, +- pruinose at the tips; soralia labiate, on ascending terminal lobes, soredia granular; lower surface ecorticate, with yellowish-orange pigments; with black marginal rhizinae, up to 1.7 mm. Medulla K+ yellow (later brown), Pd+ yellow-orange; lower surface: orange pigments K+ purple. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde.
	Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Trevis. (211) On Quercus rubra. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde.
	Heterodermia propagulifera (Vain.) Dey. (219) On Fagus sylvatica. Thallus without soralia/isidia; lobes ascending, 1.0-1.5 mm wide; cilia black, long; rhizinae simple to squarrose; lower surface ecorticate, with yellow pigment. Cortex K+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow, later red. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde. Image width: 83 mm.
	Heterodermia propagulifera (Vain.) Dey. (219) On Fagus sylvatica. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde.
	Heterodermia propagulifera (Vain.) Dey. (219) On Fagus sylvatica. Thallus K+ Portugal; NE-Madeira; w Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde.
	Hypogymnia physodes * (L.) Nyl. (134) On Cryptomeria japonica. Lobes hollow; lower side brown to black (center), wrinkled, without rhizines; with farinose lip-like soralia at the tips of the lobes. Cortex K+ yellow, medulla and soralia KC+ red, Pd+ orange-red. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne Pico Ruivo de Santana: park near the Forestry Center "das Pedras". Image width: 64 mm.
	Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. (90) On Cryptomeria japonica. Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	Hypotrachyna revoluta * (Flörke) Hale (116) On Laurus novocanariensis. Lobes linear, 10-30 mm wide; axils pointed sinuous; soralia laminal, near the lobe tips, diffuse, pustular, soredia granular; medulla white; lower surface black (brown and shiny at the margin); rhizinae simple or multi-forked. Cortex K+ yellow, C+ orange, KC+; yellow, Pd-; medulla K-, C+ brown-red; KC+ orange-red. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chão dos Louros. Image width: 75 mm.
	Hypotrachyna revoluta * (Flörke) Hale (116) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chão dos Louros. Image width: 33 mm.
	Hypotrachyna revoluta (Flörke) Hale (116) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chão dos Louros.
	Hypotrachyna revoluta (Flörke) Hale (151) On Castanea sativa. Lobes 10-30 mm wide; axils pointed sinuous; soralia diffuse, soredia granular; Medulla white; lower surface black (brown at the margin). Cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-; medulla K-, C+ red; KC+ red. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw. Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101. Image width: 60 mm.
	Hypotrachyna revoluta * (Flörke) Hale (161) On deciduous tree. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne Pico Ruivo de Santana: park near the Forestry Center "das Pedras". Image width: 65 mm.
	Hypotrachyna revoluta (Flörke) Hale (161) On deciduous tree. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne Pico Ruivo de Santana: park near the Forestry Center "das Pedras".
	Hypotrachyna rockii * (Zahlbr.) Hale (130) On Picea spec. Lobes sublinear; upper surface indistinctly maculate; soralia laminal, subterminal, dark grey, coarsely sorediate; medulla white; lower surface black (brown at the margin); rhizines up to the margin. Cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC +- yellowish, Pd-; Medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ orange-red, Pd+- yellowish. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne Pico Ruivo de Santana: Pico das Pedras (ER 218). Image width: 69 mm.
	Hypotrachyna rockii (Zahlbr.) Hale (130) On Picea spec. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne Pico Ruivo de Santana: Pico das Pedras (ER 218).
	Hypotrachyna rockii (Zahlbr.) Hale (130) On Picea spec. Lower surface. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne Pico Ruivo de Santana: Pico das Pedras (ER 218).
	Hypotrachyna taylorensis (Mich.) Hale (236) On Quercus rubra. Lobes 1-1.5 mm wide, +- linear, tips downwards orientated; without soralia/isidia; axils sinosoidal; lower side black (brown to the margin); rhizinae black, dichtomously ramified. Cortex K+ yellow, C+ orange; medullaK+ yellow, C+ orage-red. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde.
	Lecanora albella * (Pers.) Ach. (60) On Quercus rubra. Thallus +- granular; apothecia up to1 mm diam., disk pruinose; ascospores colourless, 9.5-13.7 x 6.7-7.0 µm. Thallus Pd-; ap-rim Pd+ deep orange; disk C-, Pd+ deep orange. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n Pico dos Porcos). Image width: 34 mm.
	Lecanora albella (Pers.) Ach. (60) On Quercus rubra. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n Pico dos Porcos).
	Lecanora albella (Pers.) Ach. (60) On Quercus rubra. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n Pico dos Porcos).
	Lecanora albella (Pers.) Ach. (60) On Quercus rubra. Microscopic details. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n Pico dos Porcos).
	Lecanora argentata * (Ach.) Malme (86) On Acer pseudoplatanus. Thallus whitish, uneven to warty; apothecia constricted at base, up to 1mm diam.; disc dark red-brown; margin lecanorine, +- smooth (L. subrugosa: margin clearly crenulate); with big crystals in the margin and the apothecial medulla; epithecium red-brown, without granules luminous in polarized light; brown colour not disappearing in K (both features are characteristic for L. chlarotera); hymenium colourless (55 µm); paraphyses simple; asci 8-spored; hypothecium colourless; ascospores colourless, simple (10.5-14.7 x 5.3-7.0 µm). Thallus and apothecial margin K+ yellow, Pd-. Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202. Image width: 37 mm.
	Lecanora argentata (Ach.) Malme (86) On Acer pseudoplatanus. Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	Lecanora argentata (Ach.) Malme (86) On Acer pseudoplatanus. Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	Lecanora argentata (Ach.) Malme (86) On Acer pseudoplatanus. Application with K. Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	Lecanora argentata (Ach.) Malme (86) On Acer pseudoplatanus. Microscopic details. Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	Lecanora chlarotera * Nyl. (79) On Laurus novocanariensis. Thallus granular-verrucose; apothecia - 1.2 mm diam.; big crystals in the margin, small epithecial crystals (both shining in polarized light); ascospores colourless, simple, 11.2-14.0 x 7.0-8.8 µm Thallus/apothecia Pd-; big crystals POL+; Epith. +- POL-. Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Seixal; s of Chão da Ribeira: Chão da Cancela. Image width: 34 mm.
	Lecanora chlarotera Nyl. (79) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Seixal; s of Chão da Ribeira: Chão da Cancela.
	Lecanora chlarotera Nyl. (79) On Laurus novocanariensis. Microscopic details. Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Seixal; s of Chão da Ribeira: Chão da Cancela.
	Lecanora chlarotera Nyl. (83) On Laurus novocanariensis. Thallus granular-verrucose; apothecia - 1.2 mm diam.; ascospores colourless, simple, 13.7-15.4 x 6.7-8.4 µm. Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Seixal; s of Chão da Ribeira: Chão da Cancela.
	Lecanora chlarotera Nyl. (83) On Laurus novocanariensis. Microscopic details. Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Seixal; s of Chão da Ribeira: Chão da Cancela.
	Lepraria finkii * (B. d. Lesd.) Harris (128) On a trunk base of Cryptomeria japonica. (Dark and humid environment). Thallus leprose, consisting of soft, coarse, ecorticate granules with pojecting hyphae; granules globose (up to 0.2 mm diam.). Thallus K+ yellow, C- KC-, Pd+ yellow-orange. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne Pico Ruivo de Santana: Pico das Pedras (ER 218). Image width: 27 mm.
	Lepraria finkii * (B. d. Lesd.) Harris (128) On a trunk base of Cryptomeria japonica. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne Pico Ruivo de Santana: Pico das Pedras (ER 218).
	Lepraria finkii * (B. d. Lesd.) Harris (128) On a trunk base of Cryptomeria japonica. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne Pico Ruivo de Santana: Pico das Pedras (ER 218).
	Lepraria finkii * (B. d. Lesd.) Harris (128) On a trunk base of Cryptomeria japonica. Application with K and Pd. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne Pico Ruivo de Santana: Pico das Pedras (ER 218).
	Leptogium brebissonii * Mont. - Swinscow & Krog (124) On Laurus novocanariensis. Thallus (when wet) significantly swollen, wrinkled when dry; isidia brown (contrasting withe blue-grey thallus); lower surface without tomentum. Spot tests negative. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: s Achada do Teixeira (ER 218). Image width: 81 mm.
	Leptogium brebissonii Mont. - Swinscow & Krog (124) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: s Achada do Teixeira (ER 218).
	Leptogium brebissonii Mont. - Swinscow & Krog (124) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: s Achada do Teixeira (ER 218).
	Leptogium brebissonii Mont. - Swinscow & Krog (124) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: s Achada do Teixeira (ER 218).
	Leptogium burgessii (L.) Mont. (89) On Acer pseudoplatanus. Thallus irregularly lobate, +- erect; lobe and apothecia margins with folioles. Lower surface uniformly grey tomentose. Upper surface often partly pubescent. Spot tests negative. Portugal; NE-Madeira; e Poiso; at Terreiros: ER 202.
	Leptogium burgessii (L.) Mont. (89) On Acer pseudoplatanus. Portugal; NE-Madeira; e Poiso; at Terreiros: ER 202.
	Leptogium burgessii * (L.) Mont (118) On Laurus novocanariensis Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: s Achada do Teixeira (ER 218). Image width: 70 mm.
	Leptogium burgessii (L.) Mont (118) On Laurus novocanariensis Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: s Achada do Teixeira (ER 218).
	Leptogium burgessii * (L.) Mont (196) On Castanea sativa. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Câmara de Lobos; n of Boca da Corrida: Boca do Cerro. Image width: 32 mm.
	Leptogium cochleatum * (Dicks.) P. M. Jörg. & P. James (114) On Laurus novocanariensis. Thallus up to10 cm diam., adnate; lobes 1-5 mm wide, not wrinkled, apices rounded; soralia/isidia absent; lower surface occasionally with some white hairs; apothecia less than 3 mm diam., with light brown to red-brown discs and wrinkled thalline rims. Spot reactions negative. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chão dos Louros. Image width: 28 mm.
	Leptogium cochleatum * (Dicks.) P. M. Jörg. & P. James On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; NW-Madeira; s Seixal; s Chao da Ribeira: Chao da Cancela.
	Leptogium cochleatum * (Dicks.) P. M. Jörg. & P. James On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; NW-Madeira; Paul da Serra; s Pico Ruivo do Paul; w Estanquinhos; picnic area at Levada do Paul. Image width: 75 mm.
	Leptogium cochleatum * (Dicks.) P. M. Jörg. & P. James (229) On Juglans regia. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge). Image width: 82 mm.
	Leptogium coralloideum * (Meyen & Flot.) Vain (133) On Laurus novocanariensis. Lobes without tomentum, strongly wrinkled and ridged when dry; isidia mainly laminal along ridges on the upper surface, cylindrical, coralloid to flattened, concolorous with thallus (or darker). Spot tests negative. Like L. brebissonii but this species has granular and brown isidia contrasting with the blue-grey thallus. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne Pico Ruivo de Santana: Pico das Pedras (ER 218). Image width: 75 mm.
	Leptogium coralloideum (Meyen & Flot.) Vain (133) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne Pico Ruivo de Santana: Pico das Pedras (ER 218).
	Leptogium coralloideum (Meyen & Flot.) Vain (133) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne Pico Ruivo de Santana: Pico das Pedras (ER 218).
	Leptogium cyanescens * (Rabenh.) Körb. (78) On Laurus novocanariensis. Thallus forming large, loose patches (up to 10 cm diam.); lobes smooth, 5-10 mm wide; with numerous laminal or marginal, cylindrical to flat isidia; no apothecia. No spot reactions. (The similar L. cochleatum lacks flattened isidia and has usually apothecia). Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Seixal; s of Chão da Ribeira: Chão da Cancela. Image width: 39 mm.
	Leptogium cyanescens * (Rabenh.) Körb. On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: s Achada do Teixeira (ER 218). Image width: 42 mm.
	Leptogium hibernicum * M. E. Mitch. Ex P. M. Jørg (113) On Laurus novocanariensis. Lobes bluish grey when dry, 0.5-1 cm wide; upper surface with nodular isidia and/or marginal lobules, wrinkled-striate; lower side uniformely whitish pubescent. Spot reactions negative. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chão dos Louros. Image width: 65 mm.
	Leptogium hibernicum * M. E. Mitch. Ex P. M. Jørg (113) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chão dos Louros. Image width: 27 mm.
	Leptogium hibernicum M. E. Mitch. Ex P. M. Jørg (113) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chão dos Louros.
	Leptogium hibernicum M. E. Mitch. Ex P. M. Jørg (233) On Juglans regia. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Leptogium resupinans * Nyl. (145) On Quercus spec. Thallus loosely attached; lobes up to 5 mm wide; upper surface with white hairs, 90 µm (also apothecial rim); lower side with patches of hairs similar to those on upper surface; apothecia laminal, up to 2 mm diam; epithecium brown; hymenium colourless (150 µm); ascus 4-spored; ascospores colourless, muriform, 40x15 µm. Spot reactions negative. Portugal; NW-Madeira; Paul da Serra; s Pico Ruivo do Paul; w Estanquinhos; picnic area at Levada do Paul. Image width: 23 mm.
	Leptogium resupinans Nyl. (145) On Quercus spec. Portugal; NW-Madeira; Paul da Serra; s Pico Ruivo do Paul; w Estanquinhos; picnic area at Levada do Paul.
	Lobaria immixta Vain. (186) On Laurus novocanariensis. Lobes with depressions and reticulately ridged; without soralia; isidia mainly marginal, flattened, partially incised; apothecia slightly stalked. (The similar L. pulmonaria has soralia along the ridges and sometimes sorediate isidia). Portugal; NW-Madeira; Fanal --> Ribeira de Janela (ER 209).
	Lobaria immixta Vain. (186) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; NW-Madeira; Fanal --> Ribeira de Janela (ER 209).
	Lobaria macaronesica Cornejo & Scheidegger (75) On mossy soil. Lobes with depressions, reticulate-ridged; isidia without sorediate base. Medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, Pd+ yellow. Portugal; NE-Madeira: w Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz).
	Lobaria macaronesica Cornejo & Scheidegger (75) On mossy soil. Portugal; NE-Madeira: w Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz).
	Lobaria pulmonaria* (L.) Hoffm. (121) On Laurus novocanariensis. With isidia, arising from soralia. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: n Achada do Teixeira (ER 218). Image width: 94 mm.
	Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. (121) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: n Achada do Teixeira (ER 218).
	Lobaria pulmonaria * (L.) Hoffm. (180601) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: n Achada do Teixeira (ER 218). Image width: 245 mm.
	Lobaria pulmonaria * (L.) Hoffm. (180604) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: n Achada do Teixeira (ER 218). Image width: 175 mm.
	Lobaria scrobiculata * (Scop.) DC. (203) On Quercus rubra. Lobes with grey, marginal soralia. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde. Image width: 109 mm.
	Lobaria scrobiculata * (Scop.) DC. (203) On Quercus rubra. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde. Image width: 30 mm.
	Lobaria scrobiculata* (Scop.) DC. (180604) On Quercus rubra. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde. Image width: 171 mm.
	Lobaria sublaevis (Nyl.) Tav. (232) On Juglans regia. Medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red; Cortex K+ yellow. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Lobaria virens * (With.) Laundon (81) On Laurus novocanariensis. Upper surface of lobes not reticulate-ridged; lobes with secondary squamules. Medulla K-, C-, KC- Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Seixal; s of Chão da Ribeira: Chão da Cancela. Image width: 155 mm.
	Lobaria virens * (With.) Laundon (81) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Seixal; s of Chão da Ribeira: Chão da Cancela. Image width: 205 mm.
	Lobaria virens * (With.) Laundon (81) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Seixal; s of Chão da Ribeira: Chão da Cancela. Image width: 31 mm.

Flechtenbilder (M-P)

	Megalaria pulverea (Borrer) Hafellner & Schreiner (63) On Quercus rubra. Thallus inconspicuous; sorediate, soralia granular, scattered when young, later often fusing; apothecia up to 1.2 mm diam.; disc flat to slightly convex; margin paler than disc; epithecium (blue)-green, hymenium colourless (up to 70-100 µm); hypothecium colourless to slighly brownish; asci 8-spored; ascospores colourless, 1-septate (14-20 x 7.4-9.1 µm). Thallus K+ yellow, C-, KC+- yellowish, Pd+ orange-red. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n Pico dos Porcos).
	Megalaria pulverea (Borrer) Hafellner & Schreiner (63) On Quercus rubra. Microscopic details. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n Pico dos Porcos).
	Megalaria pulverea (Borrer) Hafellner & Schreiner (63) On Quercus rubra. Application with K and Pd. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n Pico dos Porcos).
	Megalaria pulverea * (Borrer) Hafellner & Schreiner (208) On Quercus rubra. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde. Image width: 52 mm.
	Megalaria pulverea (Borrer) Hafellner & Schreiner (208) On Quercus rubra. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde.
	Megalaria pulverea (Borrer) Hafellner & Schreiner (208) On Quercus rubra. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde.
	Megalaria pulverea (Borrer) Hafellner & Schreiner (208) On Quercus rubra. Microscopic details. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde.
	Menegazzia terebrata * (Hoffm.) A. Massal. (207) + Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) Choisy On Quercus rubra. Thallus up to 10 cm diam., often rosette-forming; lobes adpressed, 0.5-1.5 mm wide, shiny, sorediate, radiating, branched, intended; margins rounded, often brownish; upper surface with distinct rounded perforations (up to 1 mm); apothecia very rare. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde. Image width: 120 mm.
	Menegazzia terebrata * (Hoffm.) A. Massal. (207) On Quercus rubra. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde. Image width: 152 mm.
	Menegazzia terebrata * (Hoffm.) A. Massal. (207) On Quercus rubra. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde. Image width: 44 mm.
	Menegazzia terebrata * (Hoffm.) A. Massal. (207) On Quercus rubra. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde. Image width: 17 mm.
	Nephroma areolatum * James & White (135) On deciduous tree. Lobes brown, +- ascending; upper surface +- reticulate-ridged; lobe margins with folioles; pycnidia stalked; lower surface pale, tomentose; medulla white; apothecial rim raised, entire, dorsal surface scabrid-areolate and ridged. Spot reactions negative. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: park area at forester`s house das Pedras. Image width: 51 mm.
	Nephroma areolatum * James & White (135) On deciduous tree. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: park area at forester`s house das Pedras. Image width: 25 mm.
	Nephroma areolatum James & White (135) On deciduous tree. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: park area at forester`s house das Pedras.
	Nephroma areolatum * James & White (165) On Quercus spec. Portugal; ME-Madeira; nne of Ribeiro Frio: ER 103. Image width: 85 mm.
	Nephroma areolatum * James & White (180601) On Quercus spec. Portugal; ME-Madeira; nne of Ribeiro Frio: ER 103. Image width: 68 mm.
	Nephroma foliolatum * P. James &. F. J. White (112) On Laurus novocanariensis. Medulla white; upper and lower surface of lobes without tomentum; with marginal pycnidia and folioles; apothecial margin entire, dorsal side smooth to subfaveolate (not cracked-areolate). Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chão dos Louros. Image width: 56 mm.
	Nephroma foliolatum * P. James &. F. J. White (112) On Laurus novocanariensis. Morphological details. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chão dos Louros.
	Nephroma helveticum * Ach (117) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chão dos Louros. Image width: 65 mm.
	Nephroma helveticum Ach (117) On Laurus novocanariensis. Lobes with marginal folioles; apothecial margins pectinate, dorsal surface scabrid; medulla white; lower surface tomentose. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chão dos Louros.
	Nephroma helveticum * Ach (180604) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chão dos Louros. Image width: 53 mm.
	Nephroma helveticum * Ach (218) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w of Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde. Image width: 81 mm.
	Nephroma helveticum * Ach (218) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w of Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde.
	Nephroma laevigatum * Ach. (214) On shrubs. Upper surface of lobes +- ridged-cracked, lower surface +- tomentose; medulla yellow; apothecial rim slightly crenate. Medulla K+ red. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w of Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde. Image width: 107 mm.
	Nephroma laevigatum * Ach. (131) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: Pico das Pedras (ER 218). Image width: 65 mm.
	Nephroma laevigatum Ach. (131) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: Pico das Pedras (ER 218).
	Nephroma laevigatum * Ach. (177) On Fagus spec. Lower side without tomentum; medulla yellow. Portugal; ME-Madeira; Ribeiro Frio --> Poiso: Feiteiras de Cima (ER 103). Image width: 67 mm.
	Nephroma laevigatum * Ach. (180531) On Quercus spec. Portugal; NW-Madeira; Paul da Serra; s Pico Ruivo do Paul; w of Estanquinhos; picnic area at Levada do Paul. Image width: 64 mm.
	Nephroma parile (Ach.) Ach. (126) On Laurus novocanariensis. Lobes with marginal soralia; lower surface naked; medulla white. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: n of Achada do Teixeira (ER 218).
	Nephroma tangeriense * (Maheu &. A. Gillet) Zahlbr. (84) On Acer pseudoplatanus. Lobes with folioles; medulla yellow Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of the Poiso Pass; Terreiros (ER 202). Image width: 37 mm.
	Nephroma tangeriense (Maheu &. A. Gillet) Zahlbr. (84) On Acer pseudoplatanus. Lobes with folioles; medulla yellow Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of the Poiso Pass; Terreiros (ER 202).
	Nephroma tangeriense (Maheu &. A. Gillet) Zahlbr. (76) On mossy soil. Portugal; NE-Madeira: Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz).
	Normandina pulchella (Borrer) Nyl. (126) On Laurus novocanariensis. Thallus glaucous-grey; lobes (squamules) small, 1-3 mm, rounded, ear-like; margins raised, becoming sorediate (soredia may spread over the lobes also). Spot reactions negative. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: n of Achada do Teixeira (ER 218).
	Ochrolechia pallescens* (L.) A. Massal. (77) On Laurus novocanariensis. Thallus grey, granular warted, not sorediate; apothecia numerous, evenly scattered, margins thick (sometimes covering the disc), smooth, entire, discs yellowish-brown, flat with age, up to 2 mm. Thallus K-, KC+ yellow, Pd-; apothecial disc KC+ red. The very similar O. parella is saxicolous. Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Seixal; s of Chão da Ribeira: Chão da Cancela. Image width: 73 mm.
	Ochrolechia pallescens * (L.) A. Massal. (225) On Juglans regia. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge). Image width: 117 mm.
	Ochrolechia pallescens * (L.) A. Massal. (180528) On Acer pseudoplatanus. Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of the Poiso Pass:Terreiros (ER 202). Image width: 32 mm.
	Ochrolechia pallescens (L.) A. Massal. (85) On Acer pseudoplatanus. Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	Ochrolechia parella * (L.) Massal. (180526) or Ochrolechia incarnata (Leight.) Kukwa, Schmitt & Ertz On volcanic rocks. Thallus grey, areolate; apothecia common, 2-3 mm; disc flesh-coloured, pruinose; margin thick, entire; apothecial disc C+ red, KC+ red.The very similar O. pallescens is corticolous. Portugal; NE-Madeira: Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz). Image width: 51 mm.
	Ochrolechia parella * (L.) Massal. (180602) On a north exposed volcanic stone terrace wall. Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Porto Moniz --> Lamaceiros: Viewpoint Pico Facho. Image width: 28 mm.
	Pannaria conoplea * (Ach.) Bory (73) On a mossy wall, consisting of volcanic rocks. Thallus rosette-forming, up to 10 cm in diameter; lobes pruinose (mainly marginal); with knob-like or cylindrical decorticated lobules (gymnidia) that may become confluent and covering the whole thallus; lower side with a blue-black tomentum, often extending the margins; apothecia 0.5-1.5 mm diam., disc brown, margin lecanorine. Thallus Pd+ orange. Portugal; NE-Madeira: Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz). Image width: 83 mm.
	Pannaria conoplea * (Ach.) Bory (73) On a mossy wall, consisting of volcanic rocks. Portugal; NE-Madeira: Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz). Image width: 44 mm.
	Pannaria conoplea (Ach.) Bory (73) On a mossy wall, consisting of volcanic rocks. Portugal; NE-Madeira: Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz). Image width: 32 mm.
	Pannaria conoplea (Ach.) Bory (73) On a mossy wall, consisting of volcanic rocks. Portugal; NE-Madeira: Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz).
	Pannaria conoplea (Ach.) Bory (73) On a mossy wall, consisting of volcanic rocks. Portugal; NE-Madeira: Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz).
	Pannaria conoplea (Ach.) Bory (73) On a mossy wall, consisting of volcanic rocks. Portugal; NE-Madeira: Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz).
	Pannaria rubiginosa * (Ach.) Bory (180527) On Ilex canariensis. Thallus rosette-forming; squamules grey (bluish grey when wet), deeply incised; margins ascending and paler; usually fertile; apothecial disc reddish-brownish; margins crenulate. Thallus K-, C-, Pd+ orange. Portugal; NW-Madeira; s Seixal; s of Chao da Ribeira: Chao da Cancela. Image width: 61 mm.
	Pannaria rubiginosa * (Ach.) Bory (180531) On Castanea sativa. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ne of Achadas da Cruz: Portas da Vila. Image width: 40 mm.
	Pannaria rubiginosa * (Ach.) Bory (180531) On Castanea sativa. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ne of Achadas da Cruz: Portas da Vila.
	Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. (139) On Quercus spec. Portugal; NW-Madeira; Paul da Serra; s of Pico Ruivo do Paul; w of Estanquinhos: picnic area at Levada do Paul. Image width: 56 mm.
	Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. (200) On volcanic rocks. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Estreito de Câmara de Lobos; n of Boca da Corrida: Boca dos Corgos.
	Parmelina tiliacea (Hoffm.) Hale (202) On volcanic rocks. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Estreito de Câmara de Lobos; n of Boca da Corrida: Boca dos Corgos.
	Parmotrema crinitum * (Ach.) Hale (111) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chão dos Louros. Image width: 62 mm.
	Parmotrema crinitum * (Ach.) Hale (180604) On Quercus spec. Portugal; NE-Madeira: Queimadas. Image width: 53 mm.
	Parmotrema crinitum (Ach.) Hale (182) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; NW-Madeira: Fanal --> Ribeira de Janela (ER 209).
	Parmotrema perlatum * (Huds.) Coisy (180525) On Quercus rubra. P; Madeira-MO; an der ER 202; Quatro Estradas - Poiso (n of Pico dos Porcos) Image width: 210 mm.
	Parmotrema perlatum * (Huds.) Coisy (153) On Castanea sativa. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101. Image width: 88 mm.
	Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) Coisy (153) On Castanea sativa. Spot reactions. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101.
	Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) Coisy (153) On Castanea sativa. Spot reactions. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101.
	Parmotrema reticulatum * (Taylor) Choisy (204) On Quercus rubra. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w of Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde. Image width: 68 mm.
	Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) Choisy (204) On Quercus rubra. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w of Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde.
	Parmotrema robustum * (Degel.) Hale (82) On mossy volcanic rocks. Lobes up to 8 mm wide; without marginal cilia; soralia headshaped, coarse-grained, on the tips of ascending lobes. Medulla/soralia K brownish; C-, KC +- rötlich; Pd+ orange Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Seixal; s of Chão da Ribeira: Chão da Cancela. Image width: 107 mm.
	Parmotrema robustum (Degel.) Hale (82) On mossy volcanic rocks. Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Seixal; s of Chão da Ribeira: Chão da Cancela.
	Parmotrema tinctorum (Despr. Ex Nyl.) Hale (98) On volcanic rocks. Thallus thin, loosely attached; lobes up to 2 cm broad, rounded, entire or notched; without cilia; isidia laminal, globose to cylindrical, concolorous, with brownish tips. Portugal; E-Madeira: Ponta de São Lourenço.
	Parmotrema tinctorum (Despr. Ex Nyl.) Hale (98) On volcanic rocks. Portugal; E-Madeira: Ponta de São Lourenço.
	Pectenia atlantica (Degel.) P.M. Jørg., L. Lindblom, Wedin & S. Ekman (237) On a mossy wall, consisting of volcanic rocks. Thallus rosette-forming, up to 10 cm in diameter; lobes longitudinally striated; with knob-like or coralloid isidia that may become confluent and covering the whole thallus; lower side with a blue-black tomentum, often extending the margins. Spot reactions negative. Portugal; NE-Madeira: Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz).
	Pectenia plumbea (Lightf.) P.M. Jørg., L. Lindblom, Wedin & S. Ekman (67) On a mossy wall, consisting of volcanic rocks. Thallus plate-like, up to 10 cmdiam.; upper surface of the lobes with longitudinal and concentric ridges; lower surface with a blue-black tomentum, often extending the margin: apothecia usually numerous, up to 1 mm, disc orange-brown to red-brown, convex; margin paler. Spot reactions negative. Portugal; NE-Madeira: Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz). Image width: 84 mm.
	Pectenia plumbea * (Lightf.) P.M. Jørg., L. Lindblom, Wedin & S. Ekman (180527) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Seixal; s of Chão da Ribeira: Chão da Cancela. Image width: 89 mm.
	Pectenia plumbea * (Lightf.) P.M. Jørg., L. Lindblom, Wedin & S. Ekman (180528) On a deciduous tree. Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of the Poiso Pass; Terreiros (ER 202). Image width: 34 mm.
	Pectenia plumbea (Lightf.) P.M. Jørg., L. Lindblom, Wedin & S. Ekman (228) On Juglans regia. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Pectenia plumbea (Lightf.) P.M. Jørg., L. Lindblom, Wedin & S. Ekman (228) On Juglans regia. Microscopic details. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Peltigera canina * (L.) Willd (164) On mossy soil. Thallus up to 20 cm diam; lobes up to 2.5 cm, covered with a white tomentum (at least marginal); lower side white, with flat veins and multibranched rhizines; apothecia saddle-shaped, brown. No spot reactions. (The similar P. membranacea has conspicuous veins and the rhizines are unbranched; P. praetextata has flattened isidia along cracks and the margins). Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: park at forestry house das Pedras.
	Peltigera canina (L.) Willd (164) On mossy soil. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: park at forestry house das Pedras.
	Peltigera hymenina * (Ach.) Delise (70) On volcanic rocks. Upper surface of lobes matt, slightly pruinose, margins ascending; lower surface marginal white (center dark); with diffuse, ochre-coloured veins. Portugal; NE-Madeira: Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz). Image width: 136 mm.
	Peltigera hymenina (Ach.) Delise (70) On volcanic rocks. Portugal; NE-Madeira: Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz).
	Peltigera membranacea * (Ach.) Nyl. (173) On soil (bank of a road). Portugal; ME-Madeira; Ribeiro Frio --> Poiso: Feiteiras de Cima (ER 103). Image width: 206 mm.
	Peltigera membranacea * (Ach.) Nyl. (173) On soil (bank of a road). Portugal; ME-Madeira; Ribeiro Frio --> Poiso: Feiteiras de Cima (ER 103). Image width: 108 mm.
	Peltigera membranacea * (Ach.) Nyl. (122) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: n of Achada do Teixeira (ER 218). Image width: 125 mm.
	Peltigera membranacea (Ach.) Nyl. (122) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: n of Achada do Teixeira (ER 218).
	Peltigera neckeri * Hepp ex Müll. Arg. (71) On volcanic rocks. Upper surface brown, shiny; lower surface marginal white (center dark); with diffuse, dark veins (< 5 mm). Portugal; NE-Madeira: Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz). Image width: 112 mm.
	Peltigera neckeri Hepp ex Müll. Arg. (71) On volcanic rocks. Portugal; NE-Madeira: Boca do Risco (e of Porto da Cruz).
	Pertusaria leioplaca * DC. (228) On Juglans regia. Thallus thin, green-grey; apothecia usually single in warts, warts up to 2 mm diam., semi-globose with spreading base, top ± flat, disc small, perithecia-like; 4 ascospores per ascus, colourless, simple (105-123 x 32-46 µm). Thallus K+ yellow, KC+ yellow, C-, Pd + deep orange or Pd-. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge). Image width: 42 mm.
	Pertusaria leioplaca DC. (228) On Juglans regia. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Pertusaria leioplaca DC. (228) On Juglans regia. Microscopic details. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Pertusaria ophthalmiza * (Nyl.) Nyl. (61) On Quercus rubra. Thallus verrucuous, thick, fertile warts +- evenly distributed, up to 1,1 mm diam.; disc grey, pruinose; margin uneven-crenulate.; epithecium dark, 70 µm, hymenium colourless, 315 µm; ascospores colourless, simple (158-210 x 53 µm). Portugal; MO-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n of Pico dos Porcos). Image width: 150 mm.
	Pertusaria ophthalmiza (Nyl.) Nyl. (61) On Quercus rubra. Microscopic details. Portugal; MO-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n of Pico dos Porcos).
	Pertusaria ophthalmiza * (Nyl.) Nyl. (109) On Laurus novocanariensis. Ascospores colourless, simple (158-172 x 49-56 µm), one per ascus. Thallus K-, C-, KC-, Pd-. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chão dos Louros. Image width: 35 mm.
	Pertusaria ophthalmiza (?) * (Nyl.) Nyl. (169) On Quercus spec.. Thallus verrucuous, thick, warts +- evenly distributed, up to 2 mm diam., sterile (possibly because of the extremely shady situation). Thallus K-, C-, KC-, Pd-. Portugal; ME-Madeira; between Ribeiro Frio and Balcoes. Image width: 49 mm.
	Pertusaria ophthalmiza (?) (Nyl.) Nyl. (169) On Quercus spec.. Portugal; ME-Madeira; between Ribeiro Frio and Balcoes.
	Pertusaria ophthalmiza (?) (Nyl.) Nyl. (169) On Quercus spec. Cross section of a wart. Portugal; ME-Madeira; between Ribeiro Frio and Balcoes.
	Pertusaria ophthalmiza * (Nyl.) Nyl. (210) On Quercus rubra. Thallus K-, C-, KC-, Pd- Portugal; NE-Madeira; w of Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde. Image width: 38 mm.
	Pertusaria ophthalmiza (Nyl.) Nyl. (210) On Quercus rubra. Thallus K-, C-, KC-, P- Portugal; NE-Madeira; w of Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde.
	Pertusaria ophthalmiza (Nyl.) Nyl. (231) On Juglans regia. Thallus verrucous, thick, fertile warts +- evenly distributed, up to 1,1 mm diam.; disc grey, pruinose; margin uneven. Thallus K-, C-, KC-, Pd-. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Pertusaria ophthalmiza (Nyl.) Nyl. (231) On Juglans regia. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Pertusaria pertusa (Weigel) Tuck. (235) On Juglans regia. Thallus cracked-areolate; fertile verrucae steep-sided (- 4 mm diam.), up to 8 ostioles per wart; apothecia perithecia-like; 2 ascospores per ascus, colourless, simple (112-175 x 39-46 µm). Thallus K+ yellow, Pd+ orange. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Pertusaria pertusa (Weigel) Tuck. (235) On Juglans regia. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Pertusaria pertusa (Weigel) Tuck. (235) On Juglans regia. Microscopic details. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Pertusaria rupestris (DC.) Schaer. (100) On volcanic rocks. Areoles up to 1mm diam.; fertile verrucae steep-sided (2- 2.4 mm diam.); apothecia perithecia-like; 2 ascospores per ascus, colourless, simple (94-151 x 28-56 µm). Thallus K+ yellow-orange, KC+ yellow, Pd-. Portugal; E-Madeira: Ponta de São Lourenço.
	Pertusaria rupestris (DC.) Schaer. (100) On volcanic rocks. Portugal; E-Madeira: Ponta de São Lourenço.
	Pertusaria rupestris (DC.) Schaer. (100) On volcanic rocks. Microscopic details. Portugal; E-Madeira: Ponta de São Lourenço.
	Phaeographis dendritica * (Ach.) Müll. Arg. (57) On Quercus rubra. Apothecia lirelllate; margin bound over disc; disc pruinose; ascospores 7 to 8-septate (28-45 x 7-11 µm), lumina ellipsoid. Thallus K+ red, Pd+ yellow-orange. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n of Pico dos Porcos. Image width: 26 mm.
	Phaeographis dendritica (Ach.) Müll. Arg. (57) On Quercus rubra. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n of Pico dos Porcos.
	Phaeographis dendritica (Ach.) Müll. Arg. (57) On Quercus rubra. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n of Pico dos Porcos.
	Phaeographis dendritica (Ach.) Müll. Arg. (57) On Quercus rubra. Microscopic details. Portugal; ME-Madeira; ER 202; Quatro Estradas --> Poiso: n of Pico dos Porcos.
	Phaeographis dendritica (Ach.) Müll. Arg. (149) On Castanea sativa. Apothecia lirelllate; margin bound over disc; disc pruinose; ascospores 6 to 9-septate (29.1-36.8 x 7.0-8.8 µm), cellular lumina ellipsoid. Thallus K+ red, Pd+ yellow-orange. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101.
	Phaeographis dendritica (Ach.) Müll. Arg. (149) On Castanea sativa. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101.
	Phaeographis dendritica (Ach.) Müll. Arg. (149) On Castanea sativa. Microscopic details. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101.
	Platismatia glauca * (L.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. (138) On Quercus spec. Lobes broad, ascending, dissected; lobe ends with isidia (sometimes granular-sorediate). Lower surface brown to black, usually with whitish areas. Cortex K+ yellow. Portugal; NW-Madeira; Paul da Serra; s of Pico Ruivo do Paul; w of Estanquinhos: picnic area at Levada do Paul. Image width: 49 mm.
	Polychidium muscicola * (Sw.) Gray (144) On Quercus spec., between mosses. Thallus fruticose, consisting of shiny, small filaments; apothecial disc red-brown; margin paler; photobiont Nostoc. Portugal; NW-Madeira; Paul da Serra; s of Pico Ruivo do Paul; w of Estanquinhos: picnic area at Levada do Paul. Image width: 17 mm.
	Polychidium muscicola (Sw.) Gray (144) On Quercus spec. Portugal; NW-Madeira; Paul da Serra; s of Pico Ruivo do Paul; w of Estanquinhos: picnic area at Levada do Paul.
	Pseudocyphellaria aurata * (Ach.) Vain. (180530) (together with Pectenia plumbea). On Laurus novocanariensis. Soralia and pseudocyphellae (lower side) golden yellow (P. crocata with white pseudocyphellae). P; Madeira-MN; nö Pico Ruivo de Santana; n of Achada do Teixeira (ER 218) Image width: 101 mm.
	Pseudocyphellaria aurata * (Ach.) Vain. (180529) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chao dos Louros. Image width: 52 mm.
	Pseudocyphellaria aurata (Ach.) Vain. (160) On Quercus spec. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila; at the crossways ER 105/ER101.
	Pseudocyphellaria crocata * (L.) Vain (142) On Quercus spec. Soralia (marginal and laminal) bright yellow; pseudocyphellae (lower side) white (difference to P. aurata). Portugal; NW-Madeira; Paul da Serra; s of Pico Ruivo do Paul; w of Estanquinhos: picnic area at Levada do Paul. Image width: 68 mm.
	Pseudocyphellaria crocata * (L.) Vain (180527) On Quercus spec. Portugal; NW-Madeira; s Seixal; s of Chao da Ribeira: Chao da Cancela. Image width: 57 mm.
	Pseudocyphellaria intricata * (Delise) Vain. (119) On Laurus novocanariensis. Lobe margins with grey soralia. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: n of Achada do Teixeira (ER 218). Image width: 85 mm.
	Pseudocyphellaria intricata * (Delise) Vain. (119) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: n of Achada do Teixeira (ER 218). Image width: 77 mm.
	Pseudocyphellaria intricata * (Delise) Vain. (119) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: n of Achada do Teixeira (ER 218). Image width: 45 mm.
	Pseudopyrenula subnudata * Müll. Arg.(148) On Castanea sativa (smooth bark). Thallus ecorticate; perithecia up to 0,3 mm diam., semi-globose; ostiolum apical; hamathecium colourless; paraphyses of uniform width; ascospores elliptical, colourless, 3-septate (not muriform), with thickened endospore, lumina sexangular when mature, 15.8-20.3 x 6.0-7.4 µm; 8 per Ascus. UV+ white. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila; at the crossways ER 105/ER101. Image width: 17 mm. New for Madeira.
	Pseudopyrenula subnudata Müll. Arg. (148) On Castanea sativa (smooth bark). Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila; at the crossways ER 105/ER101.
	Pseudopyrenula subnudata Müll. Arg. (148) On Castanea sativa (smooth bark). Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila; at the crossways ER 105/ER101.
	Pseudopyrenula subnudata Müll. Arg. (148) On Castanea sativa (smooth bark). Microscopic details. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila; at the crossways ER 105/ER101.
	Punctelia reddenda * (Stirt.) Krog (136) On a deciduous tree. Upper surface of lobes with punctiform pseudocyphellae, developping into soralia; soredia coarse, becoming corticate (--> isidiomorphs); lower surface black. Thallus C- (difference to other European Puntctelia species). Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: park area at forester`s house das Pedras. Image width: 53 mm.
	Punctelia reddenda (Stirt.) Krog (136) On a deciduous tree. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: park area at forester`s house das Pedras.
	Pyrenula dermatodes * (Borrer) Schaer. (220) On Quercus spec. Thallus yellowish-greenish, +- glossy, cracked-areolate; perithecia immersed in the thallus, only ostioles visible from above, 0.3-0.6 mm diam.; hamathecium without oil droplets; 8 ascospores per ascus, ascospores 3-septate, lumina ellipsoid, young colourless becoming darker with age, 17-21 x 7-8 µm. Thallus K+ orange; UV+ yellow. Portugal; NE-Madeira: Queimadas. Image width: 18 mm.
	Pyrenula dermatodes (Borrer) Schaer. (220) On Quercus spec. Portugal; NE-Madeira: Queimadas.
	Pyrenula dermatodes (Borrer) Schaer. (220) On Quercus spec. Microscopic details. Portugal; NE-Madeira: Queimadas.
	Pyrenula dermatodes (Borrer) Schaer. (220) On Quercus spec. UV. Portugal; NE-Madeira: Queimadas.
	Pyrenula nitida (Weigel) Ach. (240) On smooth bark of Castanea sativa. Thallus fawn to olive brown (beige or pale ochre, when dry), pseudocyphellae in my specimen absent; perithecia hemispherical, 0.6-1 mm; ostiola central; ascospores colourless, but becoming brown with age, 3-septate, slightly constricted at septae (22.1-25.6 x 9.8-11.2 µm). Thallus K+ reddish-orange, PD-. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER 101.
	Pyrenula nitida (Weigel) Ach. (240) On smooth bark of Castanea sativa. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER 101.
	Pyrenula nitida (Weigel) Ach. (240) On smooth bark of Castanea sativa. Microscopic details. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER 101.
	Pyrrhospora quernea * (Dicks.) Körb. (209) On Quercus rubra. Thallus +- areolate; sorediate; soralia delimited, yellow-green; black prothallus present. Spot tests: K+- yellowish, C+ orange (permanent); KC+ orange (permanent); Pd-. UV dark blackish orange. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w of Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde. Image width: 31 mm.
	Pyrrhospora quernea (Dicks.) Körb. (209) On Quercus rubra. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w of Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde.
	Pyrrhospora quernea (Dicks.) Körb. (209) On Quercus rubra. Application with K and C. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w of Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde.
	Pyrrhospora quernea (Dicks.) Körb. (209) On Quercus rubra. UV+ dark orange. Portugal; NE-Madeira; w of Queimadas: Levada Caldeirao Verde.
	Pyrrhospora quernea * (Dicks.) Körb. (150) On Castanea sativa. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila; at the crossways ER 105/ER101. Image width: 47 mm.
	Pyrrhospora quernea (Dicks.) Körb. (150) On Castanea sativa. (Together with Thelotrema laurisilvae). Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila; at the crossways ER 105/ER101.
	Pyrrhospora quernea (Dicks.) Körb. (150) On Castanea sativa. UV+ dark orange. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila; at the crossways ER 105/ER101.

Flechtenbilder (R-Z)

	Ramalina requienii * (De Not.) Jatta (99) On volcanic rocks (costal site). Thallus up to 3 cm, stiff; strap-shaped branches (up to 5 mm wide) emerging from a single holdfast, +- brownish towards the base; with lateral (seldom laminal) corticated granules; apothecia not seen. K-, C-, KC (medulla) faintly reddish, Pd-. Portugal; E-Madeira: Ponta de São Lourenço.
	Ramalina requienii (De Not.) Jatta (99) On volcanic rocks (costal site). Portugal; E-Madeira: Ponta de São Lourenço.
	Ramalina requienii (De Not.) Jatta (99) On volcanic rocks (costal site). Portugal; E-Madeira: Ponta de São Lourenço.
	Ramalina requienii * (De Not.) Jatta (191) Wall (volcanic rocks), n-exposed. Portugal; NW-Madeira: s of Porto Moniz. Image width: 82 mm.
	Ramalina requienii (De Not.) Jatta (191) Wall (volcanic rocks), n-exposed. Spot test negative. Portugal; NW-Madeira: s of Porto Moniz.
	Ramalina subgeniculata * Nyl. (162) Corticolous, on Picea spec. Thallus up to 3 cm; branches hollow, irregular in cross section (-2 mm wide), subshiny, fenestrate/perforate; apothecia apical or lateral, often spurred; disc concave when young, convex with age. K-, C-, KC-, Pd- (but young branches Pd+ yellow). The similar R. subpusilla is K+ red, Pd+ red. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: park area at forester`s house das Pedras. Image width: 55 mm.
	Ramalina subgeniculata Nyl. (162) Corticolous, on Picea spec. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: park area at forester`s house das Pedras.
	Ramalina subgeniculata Nyl. (162) Corticolous, on Picea spec. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: park area at forester`s house das Pedras.
	Ramalina subgeniculata Nyl. (162) Corticolous, on Picea spec. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: park area at forester`s house das Pedras.
	Ramalina subgeniculata Nyl. (162) Corticolous, on Picea spec. Portugal; MN-Madeira; ne of Pico Ruivo de Santana: park area at forester`s house das Pedras.
	Ramalina subgeniculata * Nyl. (176) Corticolous, on Fagus spec. Portugal; ME-Madeira; Ribeiro Frio --> Poiso: Feiteiras de Cima (ER 103). Image width: 43 mm.
	Ramalina subgeniculata Nyl. (176) Corticolous, on Fagus spec. Portugal; ME-Madeira; Ribeiro Frio --> Poiso: Feiteiras de Cima (ER 103).
	Ramalina subgeniculata Nyl. (176) Corticolous, on Fagus spec. Portugal; ME-Madeira; Ribeiro Frio --> Poiso: Feiteiras de Cima (ER 103).
	Ramalina subgeniculata Nyl. (176) Corticolous, on Fagus spec. Portugal; ME-Madeira; Ribeiro Frio --> Poiso: Feiteiras de Cima (ER 103).
	Ramalina subpusilla * (Nyl.) Krog &Swinscow (166) On Quercus spec. Thallus up to 3 cm; branches hollow, +- terete, up to 1.2 mm wide, +- translucent when wet; perforation/fenestration sparce; apothecia common, up to 2.5 mm, convex when mature, spurred. Thallus: No spot reactions; apotehcial margin K+ red, Pd+ yellow- orange. The similar R. subgeniculata is stronger fenestrated; branches are wider; spot reactions negative (different chemistry). Portugal; ME-Madeira; nne of Ribeiro Frio (ER 103). Image width: 62 mm.
	Ramalina subpusilla (Nyl.) Krog &Swinscow (166) On Quercus spec. Portugal; ME-Madeira; nne of Ribeiro Frio (ER 103).
	Ramalina subpusilla (Nyl.) Krog &Swinscow (166) On Quercus spec. Portugal; ME-Madeira; nne of Ribeiro Frio (ER 103).
	Ramalina subpusilla (Nyl.) Krog &Swinscow (166) On Quercus spec. Portugal; ME-Madeira; nne of Ribeiro Frio (ER 103).
	Ramalina subpusilla (Nyl.) Krog &Swinscow (166) On Quercus spec. Portugal; ME-Madeira; nne of Ribeiro Frio (ER 103).
	Rinodina canariensis Matzer, Mayrhofer & Clerc (102) On volcanic rocks. Thallus parasitic on Acarospora, consisting of small squamules; apothecia sessil, disc black, margin lecanorine (persistent); epithecium brown, hymenium colourless (85 µm), hypothecium slightly brownish; paraphyses unbranched, not anastomosing; asci 8-spored, ascospores brown, 1-septate (22.1-27.7 x 10.5-13.0 µm); photobiont chloroccoccoid. Portugal; E-Madeira: Ponta de São Lourenço.
	Rinodina canariensis Matzer, Mayrhofer & Clerc (102) On volcanic rocks. Portugal; E-Madeira: Ponta de São Lourenço.
	Rinodina canariensis Matzer, Mayrhofer & Clerc (102) On volcanic rocks. Portugal; E-Madeira: Ponta de São Lourenço.
	Rinodina canariensis Matzer, Mayrhofer & Clerc (102) On volcanic rocks. Portugal; E-Madeira: Ponta de São Lourenço.
	Rinodina canariensis Matzer, Mayrhofer & Clerc (102) On volcanic rocks. Portugal; E-Madeira: Ponta de São Lourenço.
	Rinodina canariensis Matzer, Mayrhofer & Clerc (102) On volcanic rocks. Portugal; E-Madeira: Ponta de São Lourenço.
	Rinodina canariensis Matzer, Mayrhofer & Clerc (102) On volcanic rocks. Microscopic details Portugal; E-Madeira: Ponta de São Lourenço.
	**Rinodina lindingeri * (Erichsen) Giralt & van den Boom (85) syn. Buellia lindingeri** Erichsen On Acer pseudoplatanus. Thallus continuous; apothecia up to 1 mm diam.; disc flat to convex; margin lecideine; epithecium brown; hymenium colourless (74 µm); hypothecium brown; asci 8-spored; ascospores brown, 1-septate (to 3-septate!), 21.0-24.9 x 7.7-10.9 µm. Thallus K+ yellow- orange. Photobiont: Trentepohlia (probably not part of the lichen). Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202. Image width: 31 mm.
	Rinodina lindingeri (Erichsen) Giralt & van den Boom (85) syn. Buellia lindingeri Erichsen On Acer pseudoplatanus. Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	Rinodina lindingeri (Erichsen) Giralt & van den Boom (85) syn. Buellia lindingeri Erichsen On Acer pseudoplatanus. Microscopic details. Portugal; NE-Madeira; e of Poiso pass: near Terreiros; ER 202.
	**Rinodina lindingeri * (Erichsen) Giralt & van den Boom (159) syn. Buellia lindingeri** Erichsen On Quercus spec. Thallus continuous; apothecia up to 1 mm diam.; disc flat to convex; margin lecideine; epithecium brown; hymenium colourless (95 µm); hypothecium brown; asci 8-spored (38 µm); ascospores brown, 1-septate 21.0-27.3 x 9.8-10.5 µm. K+ yellow- orange. Photobiont: Trentepohlia (probably not part of the lichen). Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101. Image width: 73 mm.
	Rinodina lindingeri (Erichsen) Giralt & van den Boom (159) syn. Buellia lindingeri Erichsen On Quercus spec. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101.
	Rinodina lindingeri (Erichsen) Giralt & van den Boom (159) syn. Buellia lindingeri Erichsen On Quercus spec. Microscopic details. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101.
	Roccella allorgei * Abbayes (193) Saxicol; on a terrace wall (volcanic rocks). Thallus fructicose; branches terete to flattened; surface smooth; holdfast brown to black; soralia common; apothecia not seen. Cortex C+ red; subcortex C-; Soralia C+ red; branch tips K+ reddish. Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Porto Moniz --> Lamaceiros: Miradour Pico Facho. Image width: 63 mm.
	Roccella allorgei Abbayes (193) Saxicol; on a terrace wall (volcanic rocks). Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Porto Moniz --> Lamaceiros: Miradour Pico Facho. Image width: 58 mm.
	Roccella allorgei Abbayes (193) Saxicol; on a terrace wall (volcanic rocks). Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Porto Moniz --> Lamaceiros: Miradour Pico Facho. Image width: 21 mm.
	Roccella fuciformis * (L.) DC. (188) On n-exposed terrace wall (volcanic rocks). Thallus fruticose; lobes flat; soralia marginal. Cortex C-, subcortex C-, soralia C+ red. Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Porto Moniz --> Lamaceiros: Miradour Pico Facho. Image width: 58 mm.
	Roccella phycopsis Ach. (189) On a n-exposed terrace wall (volcanic rocks). Thallus fruticose; lobes cylindrical to +- flat (> 5 cm); soralia semi-globose; gomphus (holdfast) yellow in parts. Cortex C+ red, subcortex C-, soralia C+ red (!), K-, lobe tips K+- reddish. Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Porto Moniz --> Lamaceiros: Miradour Pico Facho.
	Roccella phycopsis Ach. (189) On a n-exposed terrace wall (volcanic rocks). Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Porto Moniz --> Lamaceiros: Miradour Pico Facho.
	Roccella phycopsis Ach. (189) On a n-exposed terrace wall (volcanic rocks). Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Porto Moniz --> Lamaceiros: Miradour Pico Facho.
	Roccella phycopsis Ach. (189) On a n-exposed terrace wall (volcanic rocks). Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Porto Moniz --> Lamaceiros: Miradour Pico Facho.
	Roccella phycopsis Ach. (189) On a n-exposed terrace wall (volcanic rocks). Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Porto Moniz --> Lamaceiros: Miradour Pico Facho.
	Roccella tuberculata * (Vain.) Tav. (180602) On a n-exposed terrace wall (volcanic rocks). Thallus up to 10 cm; branches rounded but here and there angular; upper surface smooth to rough; soralia white, rounded, sometimes confluenting; apothecia not seen. Cortex C-; soralia C-; external medulla C+ red. Portugal; NW-Madeira; s of Porto Moniz --> Lamaceiros: Miradour Pico Facho. Image width: 95 mm.
	Roccella tuberculata (Vain.) Tav. (97) On volcanic rocks. Thallus fruticose; lobes brown, cylindrical; with soralia. Cortex C-, subcortex C+ red, soralia C-, medulla C-. Portugal; E-Madeira: Ponta de São Lourenço.
	Stereocaulon azoreum * (Schaer.) Nyl. (103) On a n-exposed wall (mossy volcanic rocks). Thallus fruticose; without basal squamules; phyllocladia not tomentose, initially grainy to warty, in older parts of the podetia they become broader looking squamulose; without soralia/isidia/cephalodia; apothecia, when young, with a lecanorine margin, later disc semi globose, margin disappearing. Thallus K+ yellow; KC+ violett; Pd+ orange. Portugal; M-Madeira: Boca da Encumeada. Image width: 62 mm.
	Stereocaulon azoreum (Schaer.) Nyl. (103) On a n-exposed wall (mossy volcanic rocks). Portugal; M-Madeira: Boca da Encumeada.
	Stereocaulon azoreum (Schaer.) Nyl. (103) On a n-exposed wall (mossy volcanic rocks). Spot reactions. Portugal; M-Madeira: Boca da Encumeada. Image width: 62 mm.
	Stereocaulon azoreum * (Schaer.) Nyl. (167) On a wall (mossy volcanic rocks). Thallus K+ yellow, KC+- violett, Pd+- yellow. Portugal; ME-Madeira; nne of Ribeiro Frio: ER 103. Image width: 59 mm.
	Stereocaulon azoreum * (Schaer.) Nyl. (180) On a wall (mossy volcanic rocks). Phylocaldien K+ yellow, KC+- violett, Pd+ yellow. Portugal; NW-Madeira: Fanal. Image width: 82 mm.
	Stereocaulon azoreum (Schaer.) Nyl. (180) On a wall (mossy volcanic rocks). Portugal; NW-Madeira: Fanal.
	Sticta canariensis * (Ach.) Bory ex Nyl. (180529) (Green algal morph) On Laurus novocanariensis. Lobes green, up to 1 cm wide, elongated and forked dichotomously; without isidia or lobules; often fertile. Spot reactions negative. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chao dos Louros. Image width: 200 mm.
	Sticta canariensis * (Ach.) Bory ex Nyl. (180529) (Green algal morph) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chao dos Louros. Image width: 59 mm.
	Sticta canariensis * (Ach.) Bory ex Nyl. (168) (Cyanobacterial morph; former S. dufourii). On Acer pseudoplatanus. Lobes upper surface dark grey-brown, whitish spotted, up to 2 cm diam.; margins rounded but often incised and dissected into flattened to terete isidia; lower side whitish tomentose with scattered cyphellae; apothecia rare (not seen at this place). Spot testst negative. Portugal; ME-Madeira; between Ribeiro Frio and Balcoes. Image width: 70 mm.
	Sticta canariensis * (Ach.) Bory ex Nyl. (168) (Cyanobacterial morph; former S. dufourii). On Acer pseudoplatanus. Portugal; ME-Madeira; between Ribeiro Frio and Balcoes.
	Sticta fuliginosa * (Dicks.) Ach. (140) On Quercus spec. Thallus up to 5 cm diam., ± single-lobed; lobes rounded (to 3 cm wide); upper surface with scattered cylindrical to coralloid isidia; lower side brown, with conspicuous, rounded cyphellae; apothecia very rare. Spot reactions negative. (Very similar is S. sylvatica, but the latter has uneven lobe margins and is more-lobed when mature). Portugal; NW-Madeira; Paul da Serra; s Pico Ruivo do Paul; w Estanquinhos: picnic area at Levada do Paul. Image width: 40 mm.
	Sticta fuliginosa (Dicks.) Ach. (180605) On Juglans regia. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ese of Boca da Encumeada: Ribeira do Poço (Grass Bridge).
	Sticta limbata * (Sm.) Ach. (141) On Quercus spec. Thallus more or less single-lobed; lobe ends edged with blue-grey farinose soredia; lower side tomentose; with sharply delimited, rounded, whitish cyphellae. No spot reactions. Portugal; NW-Madeira; Paul da Serra; s Pico Ruivo do Paul; w Estanquinhos: picnic area at Levada do Paul. Image width: 47 mm.
	Sticta limbata (Sm.) Ach. (141) On Quercus spec. Portugal; NW-Madeira; Paul da Serra; s Pico Ruivo do Paul; w Estanquinhos: picnic area at Levada do Paul.
	Sticta limbata * (Sm.) Ach. (175) On Fagus spec. Portugal; ME-Madeira; n of Ribeiro Frio --> Poiso-Pass: Feiteiras de Cima (ER 103). Image width: 72 mm.
	Sticta limbata * (Sm.) Ach. (175) On Fagus spec. Portugal; ME-Madeira; n of Ribeiro Frio --> Poiso-Pass: Feiteiras de Cima (ER 103). Image width: 31 mm.
	Tephromela atra (Huds.) var. atra * (101) On volcanic rocks. Thallus up to 30 mm diam., areolate, delimited ba a black prothallus; apothecia lecanorine, up to 1.4 mm diam., disc black, thalline margin thick, persistent; epithecium dark brown-violet (18 µm), hymenium violet-red (50 µm); ascospores colourless, ellipsoid, simple (8.4-11.6 x 5.3-7.0 µm). Cortex: K+ yellow. Portugal; E-Madeira: Ponta de São Lourenço. Image width: 45 mm.
	Tephromela atra (Huds.) var. atra (101) On volcanic rocks. Portugal; E-Madeira: Ponta de São Lourenço.
	Tephromela atra (Huds.) var. atra (101) On volcanic rocks. Microscopic details. Portugal; E-Madeira: Ponta de São Lourenço.
	Tephromela atra (Huds.) Hafellner var. torulosa * (Flörke) Hafellner (65) On Fagus sylvatica. Thallus verrucose, thick with a black prothallus; apothecia up to 1.4 mm diam.; disc shiny, black; margin crenulate, bent over the disc; epithecium dark brown (18 µm); hymenium reddish brown to purple (53 µm); hypothecium reddish; 8 ascospores per ascus, simple, colourless (10.9-13.3 x 3.0-7.4 µm). Thallus and apothecial margin K+ yellow, Pd-. Portugal; ME-Madeira: ER 202 (Quatro Estradas --> Poiso, nw Casa Velha). Image width: 17 mm.
	Tephromela atra (Huds.) Hafellner var. torulosa (Flörke) Hafellner (65) On Fagus sylvatica. Portugal; ME-Madeira: ER 202 (Quatro Estradas --> Poiso, nw Casa Velha).
	Tephromela atra (Huds.) Hafellner var. torulosa (Flörke) Hafellner (65) On Fagus sylvatica. Microscopic details. Portugal; ME-Madeira: ER 202 (Quatro Estradas --> Poiso, nw Casa Velha).
	Thelotrema laurisilvae * Lücking & Breuss (108) On Laurus novocanariensis. Thallus verucose (warts up to 1 mm diam.); photobiont: Trentepohlia; thallus with large crystals (calcium oxalate); apothecia sessile, urceolate, up to 1.5 mm diam.; ostiolar opening up to 0,5 mm diam.; thalline margin thick; proper margin splitted towards disc; disc with pruina; 2 ascospores per ascus, 24-septate, colourless, fusiform, lumina lens-shaped (95-172 x 14 µm). Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chão dos Louros. Image width: 35 mm.
	Thelotrema laurisilvae Lücking & Breuss (108) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chão dos Louros.
	Thelotrema laurisilvae Lücking & Breuss (108) On Laurus novocanariensis. Microscopic details. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chão dos Louros.
	Thelotrema laurisilvae * Lücking & Breuss (150) On Castanea sativa. 2 ascospores per ascus, 20-septate colourless, later +- grey (84-110 x 11-13 µm). Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101. Image width: 18 mm.
	Thelotrema laurisilvae Lücking & Breuss (150) On Castanea sativa. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101.
	Thelotrema laurisilvae Lücking & Breuss (150) On Castanea sativa. Microscopic details. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101.
	Thelotrema lepadinum * (Ach.) Ach. (221) On Quercus rubra. Apothecien urceolat; Sporen farblos, mauerförmig (17x2-3 Zellen); an den Septen nicht eingeschnürt Portugal; NE-Madeira: Queimadas. Image width: 30 mm.
	Thelotrema lepadinum (Ach.) Ach. (221) On Quercus rubra. Microscopic details. Portugal; NE-Madeira: Queimadas.
	Usnea cornuta * Körb. (157) On Quercus spec. Thallus up to 3.7 cm long; holdfast dark; branches (up to 1 mm wide) green-grey, annulated and papillate on main branches; papillae often eroded and producing isidiomorphs; apothecia up to 3,7 mm diam.; disc flat; margin with projections. Medulla K+ red, Pd+ orange; salacinic acid. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101. Det. V. Otte. Image width: 89 mm.
	Usnea cornuta Körb. (157) On Quercus spec. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101.
	Usnea cornuta Körb. (157) On Quercus spec. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101.
	Usnea cornuta Körb. (157) On Quercus spec. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101.
	Usnea cornuta Körb. (157) On Quercus spec. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101.
	Usnea cornuta Körb. (157) On Quercus spec. Application with K and Pd. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101
	Usnea rubicunda * Stirt. (115) On Laurus novocanariensis. Thallus up to 3 cm long (young specimen?); branches (up to 1.2 mm diam.), not constricted at base, green-grey to reddish, articulated and tuberculate/ papillate on main branches; tubercles often eroded and producing isidiomorphs and/or soralia: K+ red, Pd+ orange. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chão dos Louros. Image width: 58 mm.
	Usnea rubicunda Stirt. (115) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chão dos Louros.
	Usnea rubicunda Stirt. (115) On Laurus novocanariensis. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Encumeada: Chão dos Louros.
	Usnea cornuta * Körb. (157) On Quercus spec. Thallus up to 3.7 cm long; holdfast dark; branches (up to 1 mm wide) green-grey, annulated and papillate on main branches; papillae often eroded and producing isidiomorphs; apothecia up to 3,7 mm diam.; disc flat; margin with projections. Medulla K+ red, Pd+ orange. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101. Image width: 89 mm.
	Usnea cornuta Körb. (157) On Quercus spec. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101.
	Usnea cornuta Körb. (157) On Quercus spec. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101.
	Usnea cornuta Körb. (157) On Quercus spec. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101.
	Usnea cornuta Körb. (157) On Quercus spec. Application with K and Pd. Portugal; NW-Madeira; ssw of Porto Moniz; Porta da Vila: crossroad ER 105/ER101.
	Xanthoparmelia sublaevis * (Cout.) Hale (201) On volcanic rocks. Lobes +- adnate, irregular to sublinear; upper surface without maculae (white dots); lower surface bright-brown to fawn; medulla white; apothecia up to 5 mm diam.. Medulla K+ yellow, later red; Pd+ orange. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Estreito de Câmara de Lobos; n of Boca da Corrida: Boca dos Corgos.
	Xanthoparmelia sublaevis * (Cout.) Hale (201) On volcanic rocks. Portugal; M-Madeira; n of Estreito de Câmara de Lobos; n of Boca da Corrida: Boca dos Corgos.